Ligase-assisted nucleic acid circularization and amplification

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods for generation and amplification of a single-stranded DNA circle in a single reaction vessel from a linear DNA without any intervening purification steps. The single-stranded DNA circle is generated via a template-independent single-stranded DNA ligation. Whole-genome amplification of linear chromosomal DNA in a single tube using ligation-assisted DNA amplification is also provided.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention generally relates to methods for amplifying a linearnucleic acid sequence via rolling circle amplification in a singlereaction vessel without any intervening isolation and/or purificationsteps. The methods involve generation of a single-stranded DNA circlefrom a single-stranded or double-stranded linear DNA viatemplate-independent single-stranded DNA ligation, followed by rollingcircle amplification using specialized primer sequences. The methodsfurther relates to the whole genome amplification of a linearchromosomal DNA in a single reaction vessel via rolling circleamplification using a random primer mixture followed by its detection.

BACKGROUND

DNA amplification is a process of replicating a target double-strandedDNA (dsDNA) to generate multiple copies of it. Since individual strandsof a dsDNA are antiparallel and complementary, each strand may serve asa template strand for the production of its complementary strand. Thetemplate strand is preserved as a whole or as a truncated portion andthe complementary strand is assembled from deoxynucleoside triphosphates(dNTPs) by a DNA polymerase. The complementary strand synthesis proceedsin 5′→3′ direction starting from the 3′ terminal end of a primersequence that is hybridized to the template strand.

Whole-genome amplification (WGA) involves non-specific amplification ofa target DNA. WGA is often achieved by multiple displacementamplification (MDA) techniques employing random oligonucleotide primersfor priming the DNA synthesis at multiple locations of the target DNAalong with a high fidelity DNA polymerase having a strand displacingactivity (e.g., Phi29 polymerase). Even though currently availablecommercial WGA systems such as GenomiPhi (GE Healthcare, USA) and RepliG(Qiagen) kits provide optimal results with high molecular weight targetDNA, performance of these systems is poor when the target DNA is shortand/or highly fragmented. When the target DNA is fragmented and thesequence length is less than about 1000 nucleotides, amplification ofthe target DNA using conventional methods results in decreasedamplification speed, significant sequence dropout especially near theends of the target DNA, and highly sequence-biased amplification. As thelength of the template DNA is decreased, the likelihood of that strandbeing primed multiple times decreases in the MDA reaction. Thisdecreases the amplification potential of these shorter fragments.Efficient methods for non-specifically amplifying short, fragmented DNAare therefore highly desirable.

Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used toamplify fragmented dsDNA. However, only a small fraction of thefragmented DNA gets amplified in these reactions leading to inadequategenome coverage. To efficiently amplify fragmented, target dsDNA, theymay first be repaired and then be concatamerized by blunt-end ligationto generate sequences that are longer than 1000 base pairs (bp).However, a relatively higher concentration of the target DNA is oftenrequired to promote concatamerization and subsequent amplification.Circularization of double-stranded target DNA has also been employed invarious nucleic acid based assays including MDA, WGA, hyper-branchedrolling circle amplification (RCA) and massively parallel DNAsequencing. To effectively circularize and amplify fragmented dsDNA, thedouble-stranded ends of the fragmented DNA are first repaired, followedby blunt-end ligation to form double-stranded DNA circles. However, itis difficult to circularize double-stranded DNA fragments that are lessthan 500 bp in length.

The double-stranded DNA may be denatured to produce single-stranded DNA(ssDNA), which may further be circularized in a template-dependentintra-molecular ligation reaction using a ligase. However, priorsequence information of the target DNA is required to perform atemplate-dependent circularization. Template-independent intra-molecularligation of ssDNA has also been documented. For example, TS2126 RNAligase (commercially available under the trademarks THERMOPHAGE RNAligase II or THERMOPHAGE ssDNA ligase (Prokaria, Matis, Iceland) orCIRCLIGASE ssDNA ligase (Epicenter Biotechnologies, Wisconsin, USA) hasbeen used for making digital DNA balls, and/or locus-specific cleavageand amplification of DNA, such as genomic DNA. CIRCLIGASE I has a lowdegree (about 30%) of adenylation where as CIRCLIGASE II comprises asubstantially adenylated form of TS2126 RNA ligase. Linear,single-stranded complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules prepared from 5′-endfragments of mRNA have also been amplified via rolling circlereplication after circularization using TS2126 RNA ligase. Byappropriately incorporating a sense RNA polymerase promoter sequence into the cDNA, the circularized cDNA template has shown to act as atranscription substrate and thus effect the amplification of the mRNAmolecules in a biological sample. Further, the TS2126 RNA ligase hasbeen used for amplifying the cDNA ends for random amplification of cDNAends (RACE). From limited amounts of fragmented DNA, DNA template forrolling circle amplification has also been generated by employing TS2126RNA ligase. The method involved denaturing the linear, fragmented dsDNAto obtain linear ssDNA fragments, ligating the linear ssDNA withCIRCLIGASE ssDNA ligase to obtain single-stranded DNA circle, and thenamplifying the single-stranded DNA circle using random primers and Phi29DNA polymerase via RCA. However, even after optimizing the reactionconditions, the amount of generated single-stranded circular DNA washighly variable and sequence dependent. For example, oligonucleotidescomprising a 5′G and a 3′T nucleotide ligated significantly better thanits complementary oligonucleotide comprising a 5′A and a 3′C underidentical ligation conditions. Further, intra-molecular ligationefficiency varied among linear ssDNA sequences having identical or verysimilar sizes but with small differences in nucleotide sequence. Theefficiency also varied among linear ssDNA sequences of different sizes(e.g., sequence length ranging from 100 bases to kilobases in size).Moreover, all attempts of ligation-amplification reactions involvedintermediate isolation, purification and/or cleaning steps, thus makingthe ligation-amplification workflow cumbersome. For example, analysis offorensic samples of fragmented DNA by circularization followed byrolling circle amplification was carried out in multiple stepscomprising 5′ DNA phosphorylation, adapter ligation, DNAcircularization, and whole-genome amplification. Each step reactionswere subjected to a reaction clean-up before performing the next step.Further, the multi-step process often resulted in the loss of templateDNA and led to failed analysis. No amplification advantage was observedwhen ligation and amplification was performed in single reaction vessel;rather the components of the ligation reaction that were carried forwardwere often found to be inhibitory for the subsequent amplificationreaction. Therefore, efficient methods for non-specifically amplifyingshort DNA sequences in a single reaction vessel without any interveningcleaning steps are highly desirable, especially in cases whererepresentative and balanced whole genome information is desired.Further, methods for amplifying a linear nucleic acid sequence viarolling circle amplification in a single reaction vessel that overcomethe inhibition caused by the reactants in each of theligation-amplification are highly desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, a method for amplification of a linear chromosomalDNA via rolling circle amplification is provided. The method comprisesthe steps of providing the linear chromosomal DNA, performing anintra-molecular ligation of the linear chromosomal DNA using a ligasethat is capable of template-independent intra-molecular ligation ofsingle-stranded DNA to generate a single-stranded DNA circle, andamplifying the single-stranded DNA circle via rolling circleamplification. The rolling circle amplification employs a random primermixture that includes oligonucleotide sequences having at least onenucleotide analogue. All steps of the method, including the ligationreaction and the rolling circle amplification reaction, are performed insingle reaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purificationsteps. The linear chromosomal DNA, if in double-stranded form, isdenatured to generate single-stranded DNA prior to the intra-molecularligation reaction. In some embodiments, the method is used for wholegenome amplification of a target DNA.

DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the invention willbecome better understood when the following detailed description is readwith reference to the accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of aligase-assisted whole-genome amplification of a fragmented dsDNA.

FIG. 2 illustrates size profiles of circulating DNA isolated from bloodplasma of healthy individuals.

FIG. 3A illustrates a ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification ofcirculating DNA extracted from the non-cellular fraction of whole blood,using CIRCLIGASE II.

FIG. 3B illustrates a ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification ofcirculating DNA extracted from the non-cellular fraction of whole blood,using T4 DNA ligase.

FIG. 3C illustrates a ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification ofcirculating DNA extracted from the non-cellular fraction of whole blood,using E. Coli DNA ligase.

FIG. 4 illustrates the effectiveness of ligase-assisted whole-genomeamplification for sensitive and balanced DNA amplification of fourdifferent CODIS loci.

FIG. 5 illustrates the effectiveness of ligase-assisted whole-genomeamplification for sensitive and balanced DNA amplification of twelvedifferent CODIS loci.

FIG. 6 illustrates the efficiencies of ligase-assisted whole-genomeamplification in different reaction and buffer conditions.

FIG. 7 illustrates the inhibition of amplification of high molecularweight genomic DNA in ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification.

FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic representation of Rigase-assistedwhole-genome amplification that includes the processing (e.g.,end-repair) of a fragmented DNA using a polynucleotide kinase followedby ligase-assisted amplification of the processed fragmented DNA.

FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic representation of a single-tube reactionof ligase-assisted amplification of fragmented DNA employing PNK andCIRCLIGASE II in the presence of GTP.

FIG. 10 illustrates a single-tube ligase-assisted amplification reactionusing male-female plasma/blood, wherein DYS14 male-specific marker isdetected using a library created from the input DNA.

FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic representation of phosphorylation andpre-adenlyation of fragmented DNA followed by ligation using asubstantially non-adenylated ligase.

FIG. 12 illustrates the enhanced efficiency of circularization of apre-adenylated DNA sequence using a substantially non-adenylated ligase.

FIG. 13 illustrates the enhanced efficiency of ligase-assistedwhole-genome amplification when the target DNA sequence waspre-adenylated and when the ligation was performed using anon-adenylated ligase.

FIG. 14 illustrates a ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification ofplasma DNA, using CIRCLIGASE II.

FIG. 15 illustrates qualitative analysis of amplified DNA with respectto coverage depth and uniformity levels.

FIG. 16 illustrates the overall coverage and uniformity observedthroughout the target sequence region using the AT hexamers.

FIG. 17 illustrates the depth of coverage when uracil DNA glycosylases(UDG) and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) was employed torepair/eliminate damage from the single stranded DNA prior to thegeneration of single-stranded DNA circle or to repair/eliminate damagefrom the generated single-stranded DNA circles, or when no DNA damagerepair/elimination was performed.

FIG. 18 illustrates the depth and uniformity of coverage when uracil DNAglycosylases (UDG) and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) wasemployed to repair/eliminate DNA damage from the single stranded DNAprior to the generation of single-stranded DNA circle or torepair/eliminate DNA damage from the generated single-stranded DNAcircles, or when no DNA damage repair/elimination was performed.

FIG. 19 illustrates that better positive predictive value (PPV) andsensitivity when uracil DNA glycosylases (UDG) andformamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) was employed torepair/eliminate DNA damage from the single-stranded DNA circle prior torolling circle amplification, or to repair/eliminate DNA damage from thegenerated single-stranded DNA circles, or when no DNA damagerepair/elimination was performed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is exemplary and not intended tolimit the invention or uses of the invention. Throughout thespecification, exemplification of specific terms should be considered asnon-limiting examples. The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” includeplural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification andclaims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation thatcould permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basicfunction to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a termsuch as “about” is not to be limited to the precise value specified.Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood asbeing modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in thefollowing specification and attached claims are approximations that mayvary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques. Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, and those rangesare inclusive of all sub-ranges there between. To more clearly andconcisely describe and point out the subject matter of the claimedinvention, the following definitions are provided for specific terms,which are used in the following description and the appended claims.

As used herein, the term “nucleoside” refers to a glycosylamine compoundwherein a nucleic acid base (nucleobase) is linked to a sugar moiety. A“nucleotide” refers to a nucleoside phosphate. A nucleotide may berepresented using alphabetical letters (letter designation)corresponding to its nucleoside as described in Table 1. For example, Adenotes adenosine (a nucleoside containing the nucleobase, adenine), Cdenotes cytidine, G denotes guanosine, U denotes uridine, and T denotesthymidine (5-methyl uridine). W denotes either A or T/U, and S denoteseither G or C. N represents a random nucleoside and dNTP refers todeoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. N may be any of A, C, G, or T/U.

TABLE 1 Letter designations of various nucleotides. Symbol LetterNucleotide represented by the symbol Letter G G A A T T c c u u R G or Ay T/U or C M A or C K G or T/U s G or C w A or T/U H A or C or T/U B Gor T/U or C v G or C or A D G or A or T/U N G or A or T/U or C (at N)2-amino dA or 2-thio-dT or G or C

As used herein, the term “nucleotide analogue” refers to compounds thatare structurally analogous to naturally occurring nucleotides. Thenucleotide analogue may have an altered phosphate backbone, an alteredsugar moiety, an altered nucleobase, or combinations thereof. Nucleotideanalogues may be a natural nucleotide, a synthetic nucleotide, amodified nucleotide, or a surrogate replacement moiety (e.g., inosine).Generally, nucleotide analogues with altered nucleobases confer, amongother things, different base pairing and base stacking proprieties. Asused herein, the term “LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) nucleotide” refers to anucleotide analogue, wherein the sugar moiety of the nucleotide containsa bicyclic furanose unit locked in a ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mimickingsugar conformation. The structural change from a deoxyribonucleotide (ora ribonucleotide) to the LNA nucleotide is limited from a chemicalperspective, namely the introduction of an additional linkage betweencarbon atoms at 2′ position and 4′ position (e.g., 2′-C,4′-C-oxymethylene linkage; see, for example, Singh, S. K., et. al.,Chem. Comm., 4, 455-456, 1998, or Koshkin, A. A., et. al., Tetrahedron,54, 3607-3630, 1998). The 2′ and 4′ position of the furanose unit in theLNA nucleotide may be linked by an O-methylene (e.g., oxy-LNA: 2′-0,4′-C-methylene-3-D-ribofuranosyl nucleotide), a S-methylene (thio-LNA),or a NH-methylene moiety (amino-LNA), and the like. Such linkagesrestrict the conformational freedom of the furanose ring. LNAoligonucleotides display enhanced hybridization affinity towardcomplementary single-stranded RNA, and complementary single-ordouble-stranded DNA. The LNA oligonucleotides may induce A-type(RNA-like) duplex conformations. Nucleotide analogues having alteredphosphate-sugar backbone (e.g., PNA, LNA) often modify, among otherthings, the chain properties such as secondary structure formation. Astar (*) sign preceding a letter designation denotes that the nucleotidedesignated by the letter is a phosphorothioate modified nucleotide. Forexample, *N represents a phosphorothioate modified random nucleotide. Aplus (+) sign preceding a letter designation denotes that the nucleotidedesignated by the letter is a LNA nucleotide. For example, +A representsan adenosine LNA nucleotide, and +N represents a locked randomnucleotide (i.e., a random LNA nucleotide). The letter designation “(atN)” represents a random nucleotide containing the nucleobases 2-aminodA, 2-tbio-dT, G or C.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to oligomers ofnucleotides. The term “nucleic acid” as used herein refers to polymersof nucleotides. The term “sequence” as used herein refers to anucleotide sequence of an oligonucleotide or a nucleic acid. Throughoutthe specification, whenever an oligonucleotide or nucleic acid isrepresented by a sequence of letters, the nucleotides are in 5′→3′ orderfrom left to right. For example, an oligonucleotide represented by aletter sequence (W)_(x)(N)_(y)(S)_(z), wherein x=2, y=3 and z=1,represents an oligonucleotide sequence WWNNNS, wherein W is the 5′terminal nucleotide and S is the 3′ terminal nucleotide. Theoligonucleotides or nucleic acids may be a DNA, an RNA, or theiranalogues (e.g., phosphorothioate analogue). The oligonucleotides ornucleic acids may also include modified bases and/or backbones (e.g.,modified phosphate linkage or modified sugar moiety). Non-limitingexamples of synthetic backbones that confer stability and/or otheradvantages to the nucleic acids may include phosphorothioate linkages,peptide nucleic acid, locked nucleic acid, xylose nucleic acid, oranalogues thereof.

As used herein, the term “primer” refers to a short linearoligonucleotide that hybridizes to a target nucleic acid sequence (e.g.,a DNA template to be amplified) to prime a nucleic acid synthesisreaction. The primer may be an RNA oligonucleotide, a DNAoligonucleotide, or a chimeric sequence. The primer may contain natural,synthetic, or modified nucleotides. Both the upper and lower limits ofthe length of the primer are empirically determined. The lower limit onprimer length is the minimum length that is required to form a stableduplex upon hybridization with the target nucleic acid under nucleicacid amplification reaction conditions. Very short primers (usually lessthan 3 nucleotides long) do not form thermodynamically stable duplexeswith target nucleic acid under such hybridization conditions. The upperlimit is often determined by the possibility of having a duplexformation in a region other than the pre-determined nucleic acidsequence in the target nucleic acid. Generally, suitable primer lengthsare in the range of about 3 nucleotides long to about 40 nucleotideslong.

As used herein, the term “random primer” refers to a mixture of primersequences, generated by randomizing a nucleotide at any given locationin an oligonucleotide sequence in such a way that the given location mayconsist of any of the possible nucleotides or their analogues (completerandomization). Thus the random primer is a random mixture ofoligonucleotide sequences, consisting of every possible combination ofnucleotides within the sequence. For example, a hexamer random primermay be represented by a sequence NNNNNN or (N)₆. A hexamer random DNAprimer consists of every possible hexamer combinations of 4 DNAnucleotides, A, C, G and T, resulting in a random mixture comprising 4⁶(4,096) unique hexamer DNA oligonucleotide sequences. Random primers maybe effectively used to prime a nucleic acid synthesis reaction when thetarget nucleic acid's sequence is unknown or for whole-genomeamplification reaction.

As described herein, the term “partially constrained primer” refers to amixture of primer sequences, generated by completely randomizing some ofthe nucleotides of an oligonucleotide sequence (i.e., the nucleotide maybe any of A, T/U, C, G, or their analogues) while restricting thecomplete randomization of some other nucleotides (i.e., therandomization of nucleotides at certain locations are to a lesser extentthan the possible combinations A, T/U, C, G, or their analogues). Forexample, a partially constrained DNA hexamer primer represented byWNNNNN, represents a mixture of primer sequences wherein the 5′ terminalnucleotide of all the sequences in the mixture is either A or T. Here,the 5′ terminal nucleotide is constrained to two possible combinations(A or T) in contrast to the maximum four possible combinations (A, T, Gor C) of a completely random DNA primer (NNNNNN). Suitable primerlengths of a partially constrained primer may be in the range of about 3nucleotides long to about 15 nucleotides long.

As described herein, the term “partially constrained primer having aterminal mismatch primer-dimer structure” refers to a partiallyconstrained primer sequence, wherein when two individual primersequences in the partially constrained primer hybridize each otherinter-molecularly, with an internal homology of three or morenucleotides, to form a primer-dimer structure having no recessed ends,or a primer-dimer structure having a single-nucleotide base 3′ recessedends, or a primer-dimer structure having a two-nucleotide base 3′recessed ends, there exists a nucleotide mismatch (i.e., nucleotides donot base-pair) at both the 3′ terminal nucleotides in the primer-dimerstructure. For example, a partially constrained pentamer primerrepresented by WNNNS provides a terminal mismatch at both the 3′terminal nucleotides when it is inter-molecularly hybridized to form aprimer-dimer structure having no recessed ends. In the primer-dimerstructure, there exists an internal homology of three nucleotides (i.e.,the three random nucleotides in WNNNS may base-pair with each other whenthe primer-dimer structure having no recessed ends is formed byinter-molecular hybridization). However, this primer example does notprovide a terminal mismatch when it is inter-molecularly hybridized toform a primer-dimer structure with single-nucleotide base 3′ recessedends. Similarly, a partially constrained hexamer primer represented byWWNNNS provides a terminal mismatch at both the 3′ terminal nucleotideswhen it is inter-molecularly hybridized to form a primer-dimer structurehaving no recessed ends. Moreover, this primer example provides aterminal mismatch at both the 3′ terminal nucleotides even when it isinter-molecularly hybridized to form a primer-dimer structure having asingle-nucleotide base 3′ recessed ends. A partially constrainedheptamer primer represented by WWWNNNS provides a terminal mismatch atboth the 3′ terminal nucleotides when it is inter-molecularly hybridizedto form a primer-dimer structure having no recessed ends. Further, thisprimer example provides a terminal mismatch at both the 3′ terminalnucleotides when it is inter-molecularly hybridized to form aprimer-dimer structure having a single-nucleotide base 3′ recessed ends,or to form a primer-dimer structure having a two-nucleotide base 3′recessed ends.

As used herein, the term “rolling circle amplification (RCA)” refers toa nucleic acid amplification reaction that amplifies a circular nucleicacid template (e.g., single stranded DNA circles) via a rolling circlemechanism. Rolling circle amplification reaction is initiated by thehybridization of a primer to a circular, often single-stranded, nucleicacid template. The nucleic acid polymerase then extends the primer thatis hybridized to the circular nucleic acid template by continuouslyprogressing around the circular nucleic acid template to replicate thesequence of the nucleic acid template over and over again (rollingcircle mechanism). The rolling circle amplification typically producesconcatemers comprising tandem repeat units of the circular nucleic acidtemplate sequence. The rolling circle amplification may be a linear RCA(LRCA), exhibiting linear amplification kinetics (e.g., RCA using asingle specific primer), or may be an exponential RCA (ERCA) exhibitingexponential amplification kinetics. Rolling circle amplification mayalso be performed using multiple primers (multiply primed rolling circleamplification or MPRCA) leading to hyper-branched concatemers. Forexample, in a double-primed RCA, one primer may be complementary, as inthe linear RCA, to the circular nucleic acid template, whereas the othermay be complementary to the tandem repeat unit nucleic acid sequences ofthe RCA product. Consequently, the double-primed RCA may proceed as achain reaction with exponential (geometric) amplification kineticsfeaturing a ramifying cascade of multiple-hybridization,primer-extension, and strand-displacement events involving both theprimers. This often generates a discrete set of concatemeric,double-stranded nucleic acid amplification products. The rolling circleamplification may be performed in-vitro under isothermal conditionsusing a suitable nucleic acid polymerase such as Phi29 DNA polymerase.

As used herein, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) refers to anucleic acid amplification method, wherein the amplification involvesthe steps of annealing a primer to a denatured nucleic acid followed bya strand displacement nucleic acid synthesis. As nucleic acid issynthesized by strand displacement, a gradually increasing number ofpriming events occur, forming a network of hyper-branched nucleic acidstructures. MDA is highly useful for whole-genome amplification forgenerating high-molecular weight DNA with limited sequence bias from asmall amount of genomic DNA sample. Any strand displacing nucleic acidpolymerase that has a strand displacement activity apart from itsnucleic acid synthesis activity such as a Phi29 DNA polymerase or alarge fragment of the Bst DNA polymerase may be used in MDA. MDA isoften performed under isothermal reaction conditions, using randomprimers for achieving amplification with limited sequence bias.

As used herein, the term “pre-adenylated ligase” refers to a ligase thatis in its adenylated form. The adenylated form of a ligase is capable ofintra-molecular ligation of a linear, ssDNA molecule having a 5′phosphoryl group and a 3′ hydroxyl group in the absence of ATP or dATP.A ligation using a pre-adenylated ligase refers to a ligation reactionwherein a high proportion of the ligase molecules that are used in thereaction are in their adenylated form. Generally more than 60% of theligase molecules may be in their adenylated form. In some embodiments,when a ligation reaction is performed using a pre-adenylated ligase,more than 70% of the ligase molecules employed for the reaction may bein their adenylated form. In some other embodiments, when a ligationreaction is performed using a pre-adenylated ligase, more than 80%, 90%,or 95% of the ligase molecules employed for the reaction may be in theiradenylated form.

As used herein the term “adenylating enzyme” refers to an enzyme that iscapable of adenylating a nucleic sequence to generate a 5′ adenylatednucleic acid. The 5′adenylated nucleic acid as used herein refers to anucleic acid sequence that has a hydroxyl group at its 3′ end and hasadenylated terminal nucleotide at its 5′ end. For example, a 5′adenylated DNA (AppDNA), refers to a DNA sequence that is adenylated atits 5′ end and has a hydroxyl group at its 3′ end.

As used herein the term “non-adenylated ligase” refers to a ligase thatis in their non-adenylated form. The non-adenylated form of the ligaseis capable of intra-molecular ligation of a linear, 5′-adenylated ssDNAmolecule having a 3′ hydroxyl group in the absence of ATP or dATP. Aligation using a non-adenylated ligase refers to a ligation reactionwherein a high proportion of the ligase molecules that are used in thereaction are in their non-adenylated form. Generally more than 60% ofthe ligase molecules may be in their non-adenylated form. In someembodiments, when a ligation reaction is performed using anon-adenylated ligase, more than 70% of the ligase molecules employedfor the reaction may be in their un-adenylated form. In some otherembodiments, when a ligation reaction is performed using anon-adenylated ligase, more than 80%, 90% or 95% of the ligase moleculesemployed for the reaction may be in their un-adenylated form.

As used herein, the term “melting temperature” (T_(m)) of aprimer-template nucleic duplex refers to a temperature at which one-halfof the duplex dissociates to single stranded molecules. The stability ofa primer-template DNA duplex may be measured by its T_(m). Primer lengthand sequence are critical determinants in designing the parameters of asuccessful amplification. The melting temperature of primer-templatenucleic duplex increases with the primer length and with increasing GCcontent. Monovalent and divalent salt concentration (e.g., K+, Mg₂+,K+), temperature and presence of chemical denaturants can influence theTm of a primer-template nucleic acid duplex and may be used to alter thestability of primer-template nucleic acid duplexes. For example, DNAduplex stability generally increases with higher salt concentrations,but decreases as a function of increased temperature or in the presenceof denaturants. For example, high concentrations of salt (such as NaCl)raise the Tm of a primer-target DNA duplex since the Na+ ions can shieldthe negative charges on the phosphodiester backbones thereby reducingthe electrostatic repulsion of DNA strands. On the other hand, highertemperatures (closer to or above the Tm of the primer-target DNA hybridunder the buffer conditions used) decreases duplex stability and DNAhybridization efficiency. The Tm of any defined sequence is dependent onthe combined effects of duplex length, GC content, salt concentration,denaturant concentration, and buffer composition including pH. Inaddition, since hybridization is required during DNA amplificationreactions, buffer compatibility with enzymatic activity is also a majorconcern. In order for optimal enzymatic activity, conditions forprimer-template hybridization must not only be achieved, but alsoconditions for enzyme stability and enzymatic activity. In some cases,optimal enzyme activity may occur under conditions where primer-targethybridization is not optimal, and the inclusion of modifications to theprimer composition that effect Tm may be used to improve primer-targethybridization by modifying the Tm of the duplex under those conditionsused.

In some embodiments, a method for generating a single-stranded DNAcircle from a linear DNA by incubating with a suitable ligase that iscapable of template-independent intra-molecular ligation of asingle-stranded DNA is provided. The linear DNA may be a linearchromosomal DNA, a cell-free circulating DNA, an ancient DNA or a DNAdegraded by environmental exposure, or a formalin-fixed DNA. In someembodiments, the linear DNA may be a fragmented, linear DNA. The lengthof a fragmented, linear DNA may range from 15 nucleotides to 21000nucleotides. The linear DNA may comprise sequences that already haveligatable terminal ends or it may comprise sequences that havenon-ligatable terminal ends. In one embodiment, the linear DNA maycomprise sequences that already have ligatable terminal ends. Forexample, the linear DNA may already have a phosphate group at the 5′terminal end and a hydroxyl group at the 3′ terminal end. Such DNAsequences are amenable for intra-molecular ligation upon incubation witha suitable ligase. In some embodiments, a method for generating asingle-stranded DNA circle from a linear chromosomal DNA is provided,wherein the method includes incubating the linear chromosomal DNA with aligase that is capable of template-independent intra-molecular ligationof a single-stranded DNA to generate the single stranded DNA circle. Insome embodiments, a pre-adenylated ligase is used for the ligationreaction. Any pre-adenylated ligase that is capable of ligatingsingle-stranded DNA sequences in a template-independent manner may beemployed. In some embodiments, a substantially adenylated form of TS2126 RNA ligase is used for the template-independent intra-molecularligation reaction. The linear chromosomal DNA, if in double-strandedform, needs to be denatured prior to the intra-molecular ligationreaction. The ligation reaction may be performed in the absence of ATPand/or dATP.

In some embodiments, the, linear DNA may comprise sequences that havenon-ligatable terminal ends. For example, the linear DNA may have eithera 5′ hydroxyl group or a 3′ phosphoryl group or both. In someembodiments, the method comprises the steps of providing a linear DNA,end-repairing the linear DNA by incubating it with a polynucleotidekinase (PNK) in the presence of a phosphate donor to generate aligatable DNA sequence having a phosphate group at a 5′ terminal end anda hydroxyl group at a 3′ terminal end, and performing an intra-molecularligation of the ligatable DNA sequence with a ligase to generate thesingle-stranded DNA circle. End repair may include phosphorylation of a5′ terminal nucleotide, de-phosphorylation of a 3′ terminal nucleotideor both to generate the ligatable DNA sequence. The end-repaired,ligatable DNA, if in double-stranded form, needs to be denatured priorto the intra-molecular ligation reaction. In some embodiments, DNA isdenatured prior to PNK reaction. Phosphorylation or de-phosphorylationof single-stranded DNA is generally more efficient than that of adouble-stranded blunt or 5′-recessed ends. The phosphate donor and itsconcentration in the reaction mixture are selected such that it does notinhibit the subsequent intra-molecular ligation reaction. For example,any suitable phosphate donor other than adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ordeoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) may be used for the end-repairreaction using PNK. Suitable phosphate donors include, but are notlimited to, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTIP),uridine triphosphate (UTP) or dexoythymine triphosphate (dTTP). In someembodiments, a pre-adenylated ligase is used for the ligation reaction.Any pre-adenylated ligase that is capable of template-independent,single-stranded DNA sequences may be employed. In some embodiments, asubstantially adenylated form of TS2126 RNA ligase is used for thetemplate-independent, intra-molecular ligation reaction. The kinasereaction and the ligation reaction are performed in the absence of ATPand/or dATP. All the steps of the method are performed in singlereaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purification steps.The individual steps of the methods may be performed simultaneously orin sequential manner without any intermediate purification or isolationsteps. For example, PNK along with GTP may be added to a reaction vessel(e.g., eppendorf tube) containing a nucleic acid solution comprising thelinear target DNA to facilitate the end-repair of the linear target DNA.Any PNK that has a 5′ phosphorylation and a 3′ phosphatase activity(e.g., T4 PNK) may be used for the end-repair reaction. A combination ofPNKs each of which has 5′ phosphorylation or a 3′ phosphatase may alsobe used for the end-repair reaction. Once the kinase reaction iscompleted, a pre-adenylated ligase may be added to the same reactionvessel to facilitate the intra-molecular ligation reaction.

The linear DNA may be a double-stranded or single-stranded DNA of eithernatural or synthetic origin. The DNA may be obtained from a biologicalsample (e.g., a sample obtained from a biological subject) or discoveredfrom unknown objects (e.g., DNA obtained during a forensicinvestigation) in vivo or in vitro. For example, it may be obtainedfrom, but not limited to, bodily fluid (e.g., blood, blood plasma,serum, urine, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, lymph, tear,sputum, saliva, stool, lung aspirate, throat or genital swabs), organs,tissues, cell cultures, cell fractions, sections (e.g., sectionalportions of an organ or tissue) or cells isolated from the biologicalsubject or from a particular region (e.g., a region containing diseasedcells, or circulating tumor cells) of the biological subject. Thebiological sample that contains or suspected to contain the targetlinear DNA (i.e., linear DNA of interest) may be of eukaryotic origin,prokaryotic origin, viral origin or bacteriophage origin. For example,the target linear DNA may be obtained from an insect, a protozoa, abird, a fish, a reptile, a mammal (e.g., rat, mouse, cow, dog, guineapig, or rabbit), or a primate (e.g., chimpanzee or human). The linearDNA may be a genomic DNA (e.g., a linear chromosomal DNA) or a cDNA(complementary DNA). The cDNA may be generated from an RNA template(e.g., mRNA, ribosomal RNA) using a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Thelinear DNA may be a fragmented DNA and may have non-ligatable terminalnucleotides. For example, linear DNA may comprise a 5′ hydroxyl groupand/or a 3′phosphate group such that a DNA ligase cannot perform anintra-molecular ligation reaction. The linear DNA may be dispersed insolution or may be immobilized on a solid support, such as in blots,assays, arrays, glass slides, microtiter plates or ELISA plates. Forexample, the linear DNA may be immobilized on a substrate through aprimer and then may be circularized and amplified.

When the linear DNA is in a double-stranded form, it needs be denaturedto a single-stranded form prior to the intra-molecular ligationreaction. This may be achieved by using any of the art-recognizedmethods for the conversion of dsDNA to ssDNA sequences. For example, thedsDNA may be thermally denatured, chemically denatured, or boththermally and chemically denatured. The dsDNA may be chemicallydenatured using a denaturant (e.g., glycerol, ethylene glycol,formamide, urea or a combination thereof) that reduces the meltingtemperature of dsDNA. The denaturant may reduce the melting temperatureby 5° C. to 6° C. for every 10% (vol./vol.) of the denaturant added tothe reaction mixture. The denaturant or combination of denaturants(e.g., 10% glycerol and 6-7% ethylene glycol) may comprise 1%, 5%, 10%,15%, 20%, or 25% of reaction mixture (vol./vol.). Salts that reducehybridization stringency may be included in the reaction buffers at lowconcentrations to chemically denature the dsDNA at low temperatures. ThedsDNA may be thermally denatured by heating the dsDNA, for example, at95° C.

After the denaturing step, the generated ssDNA may be treated with a DNAor RNA ligase that is capable of intra-molecular ligation of ssDNAsubstrates in the absence of a template to form the single-stranded DNAcircles. Suitable ligases that may be used for the ligation reactioninclude, but are not limited to, TS2126 RNA ligase, a T4 RNA ligase, T4DNA ligase, T3 DNA ligase or E. coli DNA ligase. The conversion oflinear, single-stranded DNA molecules to single-stranded DNA circles isconventionally performed via a template-dependent intra-molecularligation reaction using a ligation enzyme such as T4 RNA ligase.However, template-dependent intra-molecular ligation of single-strandedDNA or single-stranded RNA has met only with limited success,particularly when the circularization of ssDNA molecules is to beperformed in a population of ssDNA molecules of unknown sequence and/orsize. Even though bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase I exhibits atemplate-independent intra-molecular ligation activity, this activity isfar too low and inefficient for practical use in generating circularssDNA molecules from linear ssDNA molecules.

In some embodiments, conversion of the ssDNA to single-stranded DNAcircle is performed with a thermostable RNA ligase that has goodtemplate-independent, intra-molecular ligation activity for linear ssDNAand/or ssRNA substrates that have 5′ phosphoryl and 3′ hydroxyl groups.The ligase may be in a substantially pre-adenylated form. For example,TS2126 RNA ligase derived from the Thermus bacteriophage TS2126 thatinfects the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus scotoductus may be employedfor template-independent circularization of the fragmented linear ssDNAto circular ssDNA_TS2126 RNA ligase is more thermostable (stable up toabout 75° C.) than many of the mesophilic RNA ligases such as the T4 RNAligase. The range of temperature for TS2126 RNA ligase activity can begreater than about 40° C., for example, from about 50° C. to about 75°C. Due to this, TS2126 RNA ligase may be used at higher temperatures,which further reduce undesirable secondary structures of ssDNA. Thecircularization of linear ssDNA may also be achieved by a ligase otherthan TS2126 RNA ligase or by employing any other enzyme having DNAjoining activity such as topoisomerase. In some embodiments, thecircularization of fragmented, single stranded DNA molecule is achievedby an RNA ligase 1 derived from thermophilic archeabacteria,Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Mth RNA ligase) that has hightemplate-independent ligase activity in circularizing linear, fragmentedssDNA molecules.

In some embodiments, a method for improving the efficiency ofcircularization of ssDNA by TS2126 RNA ligase is provided. Use of HEPESbuffer having a pH of 8.0 for the ligation reaction increased theligation efficiency. Template-independent ssDNA ligation was inefficientwhen the reaction was performed in TRIS buffer (e.g., For CIRCLIGASE II,the suggested 10× reaction buffer by EpiCenter comprises 0.33 MTRIS-Acetate (pH 7.5), 0.66 M potassium acetate, and 5 mM DTT). Further,manganese, an essential co-factor for the ligation reaction, is rapidlyoxidized under alkaline conditions and forms a precipitate in thepresence of TRIS. Air oxidation of Mn²+ to Mn³+ may be facilitated bythe anions that can strongly complex the Mn³+ ions. For example, whenequal volumes of 0.2 mol/liter TRIS with pH appropriately adjusted withHCl and 2 mmol/liter MnCl₂ were mixed, the color change was immediate atpH 9.3 (the pH of TRIS base alone); had an initial time lag of about 3minutes at pH 8.5; and was not detectable in 1 hour at pH values below8.3. Although the reaction did not occur at lower pH, the changesobserved at higher pH were not reversed by adding acid. Due to rapidoxidation of manganese in TRIS buffer, a higher concentration ofmanganese is essential for the ligation reaction (e.g., addition ofMnCl₂ to a final concentration of 2.5 mM) when the intra-molecularligation is performed in TRIS buffer. Further, it becomes difficult toaccurately predict the working concentration of manganese in thereaction as the manganese concentration continues to decrease over time.Higher concentrations of manganese may lead to higher error-rate of thepolymerase during amplification when the ligation and amplification isperformed in a single reaction vessel. By substituting TRIS buffer withHEPES buffer in the ligation reaction, effective intra-molecularligation may be achieved with manganese ion concentration less than 0.5mM. Apart from HEPES, any of other the Good's buffers (see, for example,Good, Norman et al. Biochemistry, 5 (2): 467-477, 1966; and Good, Normanet al., Methods Enzymol., 24: 53-68, 1972) may be employed for theintra-molecular ligation reaction. In one embodiment, theintra-molecular ligation reaction is performed in 35 mM HEPES buffer(pH=8.0) containing about 2.5 mM MnCl₂, about 66 mM KOAc, about 0.5 mMDTT, about 0.003% (wt/wt) Tween-20 and about 0.5 M betaine.

The ssDNA circles in the ligation reaction mixture may be amplifiedunder isothermal conditions via rolling circle amplification (RCA)methods. The amplification reagents including DNA polymerase, primersand dNTPs may be added to the same reaction vessel to produce anamplification reaction mixture and to initiate an RCA reaction.Individual reagents that are used for the amplification reaction may bepre-treated to remove any contaminating nucleic acids. Thedecontamination of the amplification reagents may be performed byemploying any of the methods known in the art. For example, adecontaminated proof DNA polymerase such as decontaminated phi29 DNApolymerase may be used for the RCA reaction. The decontamination of aproof reading DNA may be performed by incubating it with a divalentcation in the absence of any dNTPs to remove the contaminating nucleicacids. The DNA polymerase that lacks proof reading capabilities such asBst DNA polymerase may be used after incubating it with a proof readingDNA polymerase in presence of a divalent cation and in the absence ofdNTPs to remove the contaminating nucleic acids. The decontamination mayalso be performed by incubating the amplification reagents withnucleases such as a DNAase. If the decontamination is performed byemploying a nuclease, it needs to be removed or digested prior to theamplification reaction. The amplification reaction mixture may furtherinclude reagents such as single-stranded DNA binding proteins and/orsuitable amplification reaction buffers. The amplification of ssDNAcircles is performed in the same reaction vessel in which ligation isperformed. Isolation or purification of the ssDNA circles and/or removalof the ligase is not necessary prior to the amplification reaction. Theamplified DNA may be detected by any of the currently known methods forDNA detection.

RCA may be performed by using any of the DNA polymerases that are knownin the art (e.g., a Phi29 DNA polymerase, a Bst DNA polymerase). It maybe performed using a random primer mixture or by using a specificprimer. In some embodiments, random primers are used for the RCAreaction. Primer sequences comprising one or more nucleotide analogues(e.g., LNA nucleotides, 2-Amino-dA, or 2-Tbio dT modification) may alsobe used. In some embodiments, nuclease-resistant primers (e.g., primersequences comprising phosphorothioate groups at appropriate positions)are employed for the amplification reactions (e.g., NNNN*N*N). In someembodiments, RCA may be performed by contacting the ssDNA circles with aprimer solution comprising a random primer mixture to form a nucleicacid template-primer complex; contacting the nucleic acidtemplate-primer complex with a DNA polymerase and deoxyribonucleotidetriphosphates; and amplifying the nucleic acid template. In someembodiments, the primer solution comprises a partially constrainedprimer such as WWNNS. The partially constrained primer may have aterminally mismatched primer-dimer structure. In some embodiments, apartially constrained primer that consists of a nucleotide sequence(W)x(N)y(S)z, wherein x, y and z are integer values independent of eachother, and wherein value of x is 2 or 3, value of y is 2, 3 or 4, andvalue of z is 1 or 2 are used for the RCA reaction. The partiallyconstrained primer may comprise one or more nucleotide analogues. Insome embodiments, a nuclease-resistant, partially constrained primercomprising a modified nucleotide, and having terminal mismatchprimer-dimer structure is employed for RCA reaction. Suitable primersequences include, but are not limited to, +W+WNNS, W+W+NNS, +W+WNNNS,W+W+NNNS, W+W+NN*S, +W+WNN*S, W+W+NNN*S, +W+WNNN*S, W+W+N*N*S,+W+WN*N*S, W+W+NN*N*S, or +W+WNN*N*S. In some embodiments, RCA reactionis performed by contacting the ssDNA circle with a primer solution thatconsists essentially of a partially constrained primer mixturecomprising a terminal mismatch primer-dimer structure and amplifying thessDNA circle. In some other embodiments, RCA reaction is performed bycontacting the ssDNA circle with a primer solution that consistsessentially of a partially constrained primer mixture comprising anucleotide analogue and amplifying the ssDNA circle. RCA of ssDNAcircles produces large quantities of DNA with reduced sequence dropoutand reduced amplification bias. The entire process of ssDNA ligation andamplification may be performed in a single tube without any intermediatepurification or isolation steps. To avoid non-target amplification, thereagents used in ligation and/or nucleic acid amplification (e.g.,primer solution, ligation buffers, DNA polymerase) may be pre-processedto remove any contaminating nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, a method amplification of a linear chromosomal DNAis provided. The method may be used for the whole genome amplificationof a chromosomal DNA. The linear chromosomal DNA may be a cell-freecirculating DNA, a DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embeddedsample, a forensic DNA sample, or an ancient DNA sample. The linearchromosomal DNA may have been exposed to environmental conditions andmay be fragmented DNA. The method includes the steps of (a) providingthe linear chromosomal DNA, (b) incubating the linear chromosomal DNAwith a ligase that is capable of template-independent intra-molecularligation of a single-stranded DNA sequence to generate a single-strandedDNA circle, and (c) amplifying the single-stranded DNA circle viarolling circle amplification using a random primer mixture to form anamplified DNA product. All steps of the method are performed in a singlereaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purification steps.Individual reagents that are used for the amplification reaction may bepre-treated to remove any contaminating nucleic acids. Thedecontamination of the amplification reagents may be performed byemploying any of the methods known in the art. For example, adecontaminated proof DNA polymerase such as decontaminated phi29 DNApolymerase may be used for the RCA reaction. The decontamination of aproof reading DNA may be performed by incubating it with a divalentcation in the absence of any dNTPs to remove the contaminating nucleicacids. The ligase may be a TS2126 RNA ligase, a T4 RNA ligase, a T4 DNAligase, a T3 DNA ligase, an E. Coli DNA ligase or a combination ofthese. A pre-adenylated TS2126 RNA ligase is employed for thetemplate-independent intra-molecular ligation of a single-stranded DNAsequence in an exemplary embodiment. The presence of excess salts,ligation reagents and/or other by-product may inhibit the rolling circleamplification of the generated single-stranded DNA circles when standardrandom primer mixture is used for RCA reaction. The random primermixture used in the ligation-assisted whole genome amplification methodin a single reaction vessel comprises oligonucleotide sequencescomprising at least one nucleotide analogue. The nucleotide analogues inthe random primer mixture are selected such that it increases a meltingtemperature (Tm) of the primer prevents primer-dimer formation and/orrenders a primer resistant to nucleases. For example, in someembodiments, the method incorporates nucleotide analogues comprisingmodified nucleobase (e.g., 2-amino-dA) and LNAs that increase themelting temperature of the random primer mixture used forligase-assisted whole genome amplification within a single reactionvessel. Inclusion of each 2-amino-dA base in a random hexamer primermixture increases the Tm by up to approximately 3° C. and inclusion ofeach LNA nucleotide increases the Tm by 2-8° C. The modified randomprimer mixture may further comprise the nucleotide analogue comprisingthe nucleobase, 2-thio-deoxythymidine (2-thio-dT), wherein incorporationof the nucleotide analogues comprising 2-amino-dA and 2-thio-dT preventsprimer-dimer formation. Further, the inclusion of nucleotide analoguescomprising 2-amino-dA and 2-thio-dT improves the ability of the primerto hybridize to the target nucleic acid because 2-amino-dA forms threehydrogen bonds with an unmodified deoxythymidine (dT) and 2-thio-dTforms a normal stable pair with its unmodified partner (i.e.,deoxyadenosine (dA)). The use of the modified nucleotide analogue basesand LNA nucleotides in the random primer mixture permits the use of morestringent hybridization buffers, thereby significantly reducing theformation of unwanted nucleic acid duplexes and decreasing theoccurrence of unwanted non-target nucleic acid amplification. Moreover,high salt concentrations may also be used in the nucleic acidamplification reaction when the primer is a modified random primer. Therandom primer mixture is generally used in excess when compared to thetarget linear chromosomal DNA. The random primer mixture may bepre-treated with a nuclease such as a DNAse to remove any contaminatingnucleic acids. In some embodiments, the linear chromosomal DNA istreated with a DNA repair enzyme prior to the ligation and amplificationreaction. In some embodiments, the linear chromosomal DNA is treatedwith a DNA repair enzyme prior to the amplification reaction. In someembodiments the treatment with DNA repair enzyme is performed after theligation reaction but prior to the amplification reaction. The treatmentmay be performed by incubating the ligation mixture with a uracil DNAglycosylase, a formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, or combinationsthereof. Increased incubation time at higher temperatures such asconditions used for ligation with TS2126 RNA ligase risks greaterincidents of spontaneous DNA base changes (e.g., DNA base transitionsthat lead to C-T and G-A mutations). In particular, single stranded DNAexhibits 140-fold faster spontaneous deamination kinetics thandouble-stranded DNA. For example, TS2126 RNA ligase-mediated circlesequencing illustrated that the treatment with DNA modification enzymessuch as uracil DNA glycosylases (UDG) and/or formamidopyrimidine-DNAglycosylase (Fpg) effectively suppressed C-T and G-A mutations. In someembodiments, the individual steps of the methods are performed in asequential manner without any intermediate purification or isolationsteps. The steps of the method are generally performed in absence ofadenosine triphosphate or deoxyadenosine triphosphate in a HEPES buffer.In one embodiment, the amplification reaction is performed in a buffercomprising about 38 mM HEPES (pH 8.0), about 18 mM MgCl₂, about 1 mMTCEP, about 2.5 mM KOAc, about −2.5% PEG-8000, about 0.007% Tween-20 andabout 40 uM random primer mixture comprising oligonucleotide sequenceshaving at least one nucleotide analogue. In some embodiments, all stepsof the methods are performed simultaneously without any intermediatepurification or isolation steps. While performing the ligation-assistedwhole genome amplification in a single reaction vessel, the excessligation reagents, excess DNA, excess salts and/or other impurities(e.g., undesired ligation products) from the ligation reaction may bepresent in the reaction vessel after ligation reaction, and theamplification reaction is performed in the same reaction vessel withoutremoving any of these reagents, salts, DNA and/or other impurities. In afurther embodiment, the linear chromosomal DNA is fragmented and may betreated with a polynucleotide kinase to generate a ligatable DNA priorto the ligation step. The PNK reaction is performed in presence of aphosphate donor other than adenosine triphosphate or deoxyadenosinetriphosphate so that all the steps, including PNK reaction,intra-molecular ligation and RCA amplification may be performed in asingle reaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purificationsteps.

In some embodiments, the random primer mixture comprises oligonucleotidesequences comprising at least one modified base. In some embodiments themodified base is either a 2-amino-deoxyadenosine (2-amino-dA) or2-thio-deoxythymidine (2-thio-dT). In some other embodiments, randomprimer mixture comprises oligonucleotide sequences comprising at leastone 2-thio-deoxythymidine and at least one 2-thio-deoxythymidine. In oneexample embodiment, the random primer mixture that is employed in thewhole genome amplification comprises oligonucleotides that formSelective Binding Complimentary Oligonucleotides (SBC Oligonucleotides).SBC Oligonucleotides are complementary pairs of oligonucleotides thatcontain one or more modified base pairs (that is, each memberoligonucleotides that forms the complementary pair are modified with amodified base). Each individual modified base does not form a stablebase pair with its modified partner, but does form a particularly stablebase pair with its natural (unmodified) counterpart. Thus, twocomplementary SBC oligonucleotides do not form a stable duplex with eachother, but each individual SBC oligonucleotides does form a very stableduplex with an unmodified sequence such as a complementary target. Thisproperty enables an SBC duplex to effectively bind with both the senseand anti-sense strands of a DNA or RNA duplex target.

In one specific embodiment, the random primer mixture used in the wholegenome amplification consists essentially of SBC Oligonucleotides. Forexample, one or more of deoxyadenosine in the oligonucleotide sequencesin the random primer mixture may be replaced with 2-amino-deoxyadenosineand one or more of deoxythymidine in the oligonucleotide sequences inthe random pruner mixture may be replaced with 2-thio-deoxythymidine togenerate a primer mixture consisting essentially of selective bindingcomplementary pairs. Incorporation of 2-amino-dA improves the ability ofan oligonucleotide to hybridize to its target. The 2-amino-dA nucleotidebase forms three hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with thymine (T), comparedwith only two H-bonds between unmodified A and T. 2-Amino A:T base pairsthus have the same number of H-bonds as G:C base pairs do. Consequently,when a 2-amino-dA oligonucleotide binds to its unmodified target, themelting temperature (T_(m)) of the duplex is raised by up to about 3° C.per 2-amino-dA residue added, compared with the unmodified case. Inaddition, 2-amino-dA also destabilizes A-G wobble mismatches, presumablydue to a steric clash between the 2-amino on A and the 2-amino on G.Thus 2-amino-dA modified oligonucleotides show better specificity for atarget than their unmodified counterparts. An excellent pair of SBColigonucleotides can be made by substituting 2-amino-dA for A, and2-thio-dT for T (referred herein as AT random primer). Since 2-amino-dAonly forms one hydrogen bond with 2-thio-dT, these modified base pairsare very weak, and the corresponding duplex is unstable. However, both2-amino-dA and 2-thio-dT bind effectively with T and A bases,respectively. In general, SBC 20-mers annealed against a DNA 20-mertarget exhibits Tm values 10° C. higher than the corresponding DNA-DNAhybrid, whereas the SBC-SBC hybrid exhibits Tm values 3° C. lower. Theoligonucleotides in the AT random primer mixture may also comprise aphosphorothioate-modified nucleotide or an LNA nucleotide in addition tothe 2-amino-dA and 2-thio-dT, which may further improve the meltingtemperature (T_(m)) of the primer-target duplex, prevent the formationof primer-dimer structures, and/or render the random primer mixtureexonuclease-resistant.

The single-tube amplification of the linear chromosomal DNA by ligationfollowed by RCA in a single reaction vessel without any interveningisolation and purification step was inefficient when standardnuclease-resistant random hexamers were employed (FIG. 14). The presenceof excess salts, ligation reagents and/or other by-products inhibitedthe rolling circle amplification of the generated DNA circles. However,the usage of AT random primer mixture containing oligonucleotidesequences comprising 2-amino-dA, 2-thio-dT, phosphorothioate-modifiednucleotides and LNA nucleotides surprisingly enables theligation-amplification reaction to proceed in a single reaction vesselwithout any intervening isolation or purification steps. This primerenables the amplification reaction to perform under these bufferconditions better while the standard nuclease-resistant random hexamersfails to perform at the same level. The position of the LNA nucleotidein the primer sequence is chosen such that it does not occupy the 3′terminal end of the primer sequence. In some embodiments, eachindividual oligonucleotide sequence in the random primer mixturecomprises at least one 2-amino-dA or 2-thio-dT In one exemplaryembodiment, the ligase-assisted whole genome amplification via RCA in asingle reaction vessel is performed using a random primer mixturecomprising hexamer oligonucleotide sequences having a general structure,+N+N(atN)(atN)(atN)*N. The concentration of the random primer mixture isgenerally kept higher than the concentration of the single-stranded DNAcircle during the above described whole genome amplification methods topromote multiple random-primed rolling circle amplification.

The amplified DNA product of the ligation-assisted whole genomeamplification may be used to generate a genomic DNA library. The genomiclibrary may be generated by fragmenting the amplified DNA product. Insome embodiments, the fragmented product includes a single monomericsequence of the concatameric amplified DNA product. In some otherembodiments, the fragmented product includes more than one monomericsequence of the concatameric amplified DNA product. The amplified DNAproduct may further be sequenced. Sequencing may be performed byemploying any of the art-established techniques for DNA sequencing,including NextGen sequencing techniques. Since the amplified DNA productis a tandem repeat sequence of the DNA circle, the sequencing of theamplified DNA product may be used to eliminate the sequencing errorsassociated with the NextGen sequencing techniques. A major limitation ofhigh-throughput DNA sequencing is the high rate of erroneous base callsproduced. The generation of the genomic DNA library by whole genomeamplification via ligation-assisted RCA amplification allows for robustdownstream computational correction of the sequencing errors of thegenerated genomic DNA library. Since the linear chromosomal DNAtemplates are circularized, copied multiple times in tandem with arolling circle polymerase, and then sequenced on any high-throughputsequencing machine, each read produced can be computationally processedto obtain a consensus sequence of all linked copies of the originalsequence. Physically linking the copies ensures that each copy isindependently derived from the original sequence and allow for efficientformation of consensus sequences in such circle sequencing protocols.The methods of whole genome amplification described herein thus allows aconvenient protocol for single tube amplification of whole genomefollowed by error-free sequencing of the generated genomic DNA library.The genomic DNA library may also be used for hybridization-based captureof a target genomic DNA. The hybridization-based capture may either beperformed in solution or in a surface (e.g., a microarray-basedcapture). The solution-based target capture is generally more scalableand economical especially when a large number of samples are involved.Further, the solution-based capture of a target DNA offers enhancedcoverage uniformity. The captured target DNA may further be sequenced bytargeted re-sequencing. The target DNA sequence may be selected to be anexome region of a genomic DNA to enable the exome sequencing.

In some embodiments, methods for amplification of limiting quantities oflinear fragmented DNA via multiple displacement amplification (MDA) areprovided. Conventional methods of MDA, when attempted on a linearfragmented DNA, result in decreased amplification speed and highlysequence-biased amplification. Moreover, significant sequence dropout isoften observed particularly near the ends of the :fragmented DNA. Toovercome these limitations, the :fragmented dsDNA is first converted tossDNA. The ssDNA is then converted to single-stranded, circular DNA(i.e., DNA circle) via a template-independent intra-molecular ligationreaction, thereby eliminating the problematic DNA ends. Even ssDNAsequences that are shorter than 500 bp may be circularized usingtemplate-independent intra-molecular ligation of ssDNA. Further, noprior knowledge of the target sequence is needed to create DNA circleswhen the ligation of the ssDNA is performed in a template-independentmanner. Prior to circularization, fragmented DNA may be treated with aPNK to repair the non-ligatable terminal ends. After circularization ofthe fragmented ssDNA, MDA is performed on the circularized DNA. Theamplification reaction may be performed under isothermal conditions viaemploying rolling circle amplification (RCA) methods. RCA may beperformed using commercially available RCA amplification kits such asTEMPLIPHI RCA kit (GE Healthcare). The TEMPLIPHI rolling-circleamplification employs locked nucleic acid-containing random primers,which provide higher sensitivity and amplification balance. In someembodiments, nuclease-resistant primers are used for RCA reaction. Themethods disclosed herein improve amplification sensitivity, reducesequence dropout and allow more balanced amplification. Sincetemplate-independent circularization of single-stranded fragmented DNAmay be achieved on shorter sequences even at lower concentrations, amore balanced DNA amplification with faster kinetics and improvedsequence coverage may be achieved when ligase-assisted whole-genomeamplification is employed for amplification of highly fragmented DNA(e.g. circulating DNA in blood plasma). For example, the persistencelength of ssDNA may be as low as 15 nucleotides for template-independentcircularization of ssDNA. When CIRCLIGASE is employed for ligationreaction, under standard conditions, virtually no linear concatemers orcircular concatemers are produced. Further, both the circularization andamplification reactions may be performed in a single reaction vesselwithout any intermediated purification or isolation steps therebyreducing the chances of contamination and simplifying the amplificationworkflow. Ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification methods may beemployed for, but not limited to, analyzing circulating plasma cell-freeDNA, fragmented DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin-embedded(FFPE) samples, forensics DNA samples that have been damaged by exposureto environmental conditions or ancient DNA samples. The amplifiedlibrary may further be used for targeted detection of amplifiedsequences via qPCR or sequencing.

Various ligation-assisted whole-genome amplification methods describedherein that comprise prior ligation of ssDNA fragments to DNA circlesfollowed by rolling circle amplification, provide preferentialamplification of a fragmented DNA over a high molecular weight genomicDNA. For example, plasma preparations comprising circulating DNA mayoften be contaminated with genomic DNA that are released from bloodcells during the purification process. Conventional methods ofwhole-genome amplification via MDA amplify both the circulating DNA andthe genomic DNA. In contrast, when fragmented, circulating DNA moleculesare first circularized with TS2126 RNA followed by amplification of thecircularized DNA molecules via RCA employing a Phi29 DNA polymerase thecirculating DNA was preferentially amplified over the high molecularweight genomic DNA. Such preferential amplification of fragmented DNAover the genomic DNA is particularly suitable for diagnosticapplications since diagnostically relevant DNA may be preferentiallyamplified for downstream analysis (see, Example 4). Further,ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification allows more robustamplification of fragmented DNA when compared to conventional MDA-basedwhole-genome amplification.

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic representation of an embodiment ofligase-assisted whole-genome amplification of a fragmented dsDNA. Thepersistence length of double-stranded DNA is much higher (˜150 bp) andits innate stiffness makes circularization of fragments less than 500 bphighly inefficient. Further, with small double-stranded fragmented DNAmolecules of about 250 bp range, circularization is inefficient unlessthe ends are in proper alignment (˜10.5 bp/turn). In contrast, thepersistence length of the circularization of single-stranded fragmentedDNA is very small, approximately 15 nucleotides, when compared to thedouble-stranded fragmented DNA. As depicted in FIG. 1, inligase-assisted whole-genome amplification, fragmented dsDNA is firstconverted into single-stranded DNA circles. This may be achieved byincubating the fragmented double-stranded DNA at 95° C. for a sufficientperiod to denature the dsDNA into single strands. The fragmented ssDNAis then treated with a DNA or RNA ligase that is capable oftemplate-independent, intra-molecular ligation of single-stranded DNAsubstrates to generate the single-stranded DNA circles. Non-limitingexamples of ligases that may be used for intra-molecular ligationincludes, CIRCLIGASE, T3 DNA ligase, T4 RNA ligase, Mth RNA ligase(MthRn11), or E. coli ligase. Amplification reagents, including DNApolymerase, random primers, and dNTPs are then added to initiate a RCAreaction on the single-stranded DNA circles. This ligase-assistedwhole-genome amplification employing RCA produces large quantities ofDNA with reduced sequence dropout and amplification bias in contrast tothe conventional whole-genome amplification methods. Therefore, it maybe used to amplify and detect even highly fragmented DNA. The entireprocess of generation of the single-stranded DNA circles and itssubsequent amplification by RCA is done in a single tube without anyintervening purification steps.

In some embodiments, a single-tube workflow is provided forligase-assisted whole-genome amplification of fragmented DNA thatincludes processing of a fragmented DNA to repair the non-ligatable DNAends. For example, if a fragmented single-stranded DNA does not containa 5′ phosphoryl group and a 3′ hydroxyl group, it may not get ligated inan intra-molecular ligation reaction. Presence of such non-ligatable DNAsequences may cause an amplification bias in the ligase-assistedwhole-genome amplification. For example, as schematically representedFIG. 8. DNA fragments that are generated by DNAse II digestion duringcell death may contain a 5′ hydroxyl group, a 3′ phosphoryl group. Thesingle-stranded DNA fragments originating from such double-stranded DNAfragments that contain a 5′ hydroxyl group, a 3′ phosphoryl group willnot get circularized in an intra-molecular ligation reaction. Thus DNAseII type breaks are likely to be under-represented in whole-genomeamplification. In some embodiments, the fragmented DNA is treated with akinase (e.g., a T4 Polynucleotide Kinase, TPK) to phosphorylate the 5′hydroxyl groups and/or dephosphorylate the 3′ phosphoryl group of thefragmented DNA. Inclusion of kinase in the reaction allows efficientcircularization of fragments in a pool that do not contain a 5′phosphate. Phosphorylating the 5′ ends of the fragmented DNA with akinase followed by amplification of the fragmented DNA creates a morerepresentative library.

In some embodiments, phosphorylation repair of the fragmented dsDNA maybe performed by using a T4 PNK kinase. The phosphorylation repair mayeither be performed on the fragmented dsDNA or on the denaturedfragmented ssDNA. If the phosphorylation repair is performed on thedsDNA, repaired dsDNA may then be denatured to linear ssDNA, which maybe subsequently circularized using a CIRCLIGASE II (abbreviated asCLII). CIRCLIGASE II comprises a substantially adenylated form of TS2126RNA ligase. Template-independent intra-molecular ligation of ssDNA byCIRCLIGASE II is inhibited by higher concentrations of ATP or dATP.However, the phosphorylation repair by kinase often requires thepresence of ATP. Further, it may not be easy to remove ATP from thereaction mixture without damaging the DNA. For example, a phosphatasetreatment of the reaction mixture to remove ATP will also resultdephosphorylation of DNA (unless the DNA is protected, for example, bypre-adenylation), thus making the DNA strands un-ligatable. As a result,performing a phosphorylation repair of the fragmented DNA and generationof ssDNA circles in a single tube without any intervening purificationor isolation steps is often difficult. The methods provided hereinemploy GTP, CTP, UTP or dTTP instead of ATP during the kinase reaction.Since CIRCLIGASE II is more tolerant to GTP or an alternate phosphatedonor (e.g., CTP or UTP), the kinase repair step and the ligation stepmay be conducted in a single reaction vessel without any interveningpurification and/or isolation steps. The kinase reaction mixture mayfurther comprise additional reagents such as manganese salts and betaine(zwitterionic trimethylglycine). Once ligated, the ssDNA circles may beamplified. By conducting the ligation and amplification reaction at arelatively low concentration of GTP, the single-tube workflow describedherein avoids the intermittent clean-up steps between enzymatictreatments and minimizes the DNA template loss (see FIG. 9 for aschematic representation a single-tube workflow involving kinase repair,ligation and amplification).

In some embodiments, an alternative method for generating asingle-stranded DNA circle from a linear DNA is provided, wherein themethod employs a DNA pre-adenylation step prior to intra-molecularligation step. First, the linear DNA may be incubated with apolynucleotide kinase in the presence of ATP to generate a ligatable DNAsequence that comprises a phosphate group at 5′ terminal end and ahydroxyl group at 3′ terminal end. The ligatable DNA sequence is thenincubated with an adenylating enzyme in presence of adenosinetriphosphate to generate a 5′ adenylated DNA sequence. The 5′ adenylatedDNA sequence has a free 3′ hydroxyl group. The concentration of ATP isin the ligation reaction is selected such that no adenylation happens atthe 3′ end of the ligatable DNA sequence. The 5′ adenylated DNA sequenceis then incubated with a non-adenylated ligase, which is capable oftemplate-independent intra-molecular ligation of the 5′ adenylated DNAsequence, to generate the single-stranded DNA circle. If anATP-dependent non-adenylated ligase is employed for the intra-molecularligation reaction, the ATP may have to be removed from the reactionmixture by treating the reaction mixture with a phosphatase prior to theintra-molecular ligation reaction. The 5′ phosphate at the terminalnucleotide of the DNA, which would normally be removed by a phosphatase,is protected from the phosphatase treatment because of thepre-adenylation. If the DNA is in double-stranded form, it needs to bedenatured prior to intra-molecular ligation reaction. All the steps ofthe method are performed in single reaction vessel without anyintervening isolation or purification steps.

In some embodiments, an RNA ligase such as RNA ligase derived fromthermophilic archeabacteria, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (MthRNA ligase 1) is used in the presence of ATP to generate the adenylatedform of the linear DNA. A mutant or suitably engineered ATP-independentligase that is defective in self-adenylation, de-adenylation and/oradenylate transfer may be used for the intra-molecular ligation reactionof the adenylated linear DNA to generate the single-stranded DNA circle.For example, a motif V lysine mutant (K246A) of Mth RNA ligase may beemployed. This mutant has full ligation activity with pre-adenylatedsubstrates. Mth RNA ligase mutant that has an alanine substitution forthe catalytic lysine in motif I (K97A) may also be employed. Theactivity of the K97A mutant is similar with either pre-adenylated RNA orsingle-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as donor substrates but has a two-foldpreference for RNA as an acceptor substrate compared to ssDNA with anidentical sequence. If ATP-dependent ligases such as TS2126 RNA ligaseare employed for intra-molecular ligation reaction of the 5′ adenylatedDNA sequences, the ATP in the reaction may have to be removed prior tothe ligation reaction.

In some embodiments, ligase-assisted whole-genome amplificationemploying the alternative workflow is provided. A schematicrepresentation of this workflow is provided in FIG. 11. The methodcomprises the repair of fragmented DNA with a kinase and pre-adenylatingthe fragmented DNA at the 5′ end with an RNA ligase or DNA ligase inpresence of ATP prior to ligation and amplification. Fragmented DNAcomprising sequences that have non-ligatable ends (e.g., sequencescomprising 5′ hydroxyl and/or 3′ phosphoryl groups) are phosphorylatedat 5′ ends and de-phosphorylated at 3′ ends by treating with a kinase togenerate a ligatable DNA sequence. The ligatable DNA sequence may thenadenylated using an RNA ligase such as Mth RNA ligase (MthRn11), in thepresence of ATP to generate an adenylated form of the fragmented DNA.The ATP is subsequently removed from the reaction mixture by treatingthe reaction mixture with a phosphatase (e.g., shrimp alkalinephosphatase (SAP)). Any method that is available in the art for 5′adenylation of a DNA may be employed (e.g., RNA ligase, DNA ligase orsynthetic methods). The pre-adenylated single-stranded linear DNA isthen treated with an RNA ligase that has a low degree of adenylationsuch as CIRCLIGASE I to generate DNA circles via intra-molecularligation. The DNA circles are then amplified using RCA. In embodimentswhere CIRCLIGASE I to generated DNA circles via intra-molecularligation, the intra-molecular DNA ligation and subsequent amplificationreaction are performed in the absence of ATP. Elimination of ATP fromthe reaction mixture after kinase treatment and pre-adenylation reactionis essential since circularization of pre-adenylated ssDNA by CIRCLIGASEI is inhibited by ATP. In some embodiments, ATP is converted toadenosine and phosphate by treatment with a phosphatase. Even thoughadenosine is not inhibitory to the circularization reaction, theresultant phosphate may inhibit the intra-molecular ligation reaction.The generated phosphate may be further removed by treating the reactionmixture with phosphate-sequestering enzymes or with reagents thatprecipitate or remove phosphate (e.g., phosphate binding resin such asLayneRT resin) from the solution. Phosphate removal may also be achievedby treating the reaction mixture with an enzyme such as maltosephosphorylase which catalyzes conversion of maltose to glucose andglucose-I-phosphate, thereby removing the phosphate from the solution.Inclusion of kinase in the reaction allows circularization andamplification of DNA fragments in a pool that does not contain a 5′phosphate and/or 3′ hydroxyl groups, thereby creating a morerepresentative library via ligase-assisted amplification.Pre-adenylation of target DNA facilitates the use of ligases having lowdegree of adenylation (e.g., CIRCLIGASE I, which is about 30%adenylated) for intra-molecular ligation reaction. This may be ofinterest since ligases having high degree of adenylation (e.g.,CIRCLIGASE II) ligate un-adenylated DNA only a single time. Thus, astoichiometric amount of ligase is often required to drive anintra-molecular ligation reaction to completion. In contrast, ligasesthat have a low degree of adenylation (such as CIRCLIGASE I) have highturn-over, and can reversibly and catalytically or repeatedly act onmultiple pre-adenylated DNA molecules. This increases ligation kinetics,reduces the quantity of ligase required, and potentially allows forincreased circularization of more difficult or complex DNA templates.

In some embodiments, methods for ligase-assisted, whole-genomeamplification is used for amplification and subsequent detection ofcirculating nucleic acids (e.g., circulating DNA from the non-cellularfraction of a biological sample) in a biological sample such as wholeblood or urine. Circulating nucleic acids may originate from apoptoticor necrotic cells, or may be actively released from cells. Sincecellular nucleases break down the high molecular weight genomic DNA intosmall, nucleosome-sized fragments, circulating nucleic acids arenaturally highly fragmented. Highly fragmented circulating nucleic acidis often not amenable for conventional nucleic acid amplificationmethods. Further, circulating nucleic acids are present in very lowquantities in the bloodstream. Standard rolling circle amplification(RCA) of double-stranded circulating linear nucleic acids is inefficientand highly biased. Separating the circulating nucleic acids tosingle-strands and circularizing with a ligase prior to rolling circleamplification improves efficiency and leads to less bias. To enable goodRCA kinetics and high sensitivity with such dilute DNA template, inpresence of excess ligation reagents, salts and other by-products of theligation reaction, RCA methods employing primers comprising nucleotideanalogues and/or LNAs are employed. This improved RCA has been optimizedfor trace DNA and single-cell amplification.

In some embodiments, a method of amplifying circulating DNA from thewhole blood is provided. Circulating DNA is amplified from thenon-cellular fraction of the whole blood (e.g., plasma or serum). Thismethod comprises the steps of collecting the non-cellular fraction ofthe whole blood, collecting the circulating DNA (mostly presented in itsnative double-stranded form) from the non-cellular fraction, denaturingthe double-stranded DNA to generate linear single-stranded DNA,circularizing the circulating single-stranded DNA molecule to generatedsingle-stranded DNA circles, and amplifying the single-stranded DNAcircles via rolling circle amplification. Due to persistence length, itis not generally possible to circularize dsDNA that has a sequencelength smaller than 150 bp, and it is very difficult to circularizedsDNA until the DNA is longer than 200 bp. In contrast, linear ssDNAmolecules having a sequence length of 15 nucleotides (nt) or more arevery efficiently circularized by a suitable ligase as long as the 5′ endis phosphorylated and the 3′ end is hydroxylated. The circularization ofthe single-stranded DNA to generate single-stranded DNA circle isachieved by employing a ligase that is capable of template-independentintra-molecular ligation of single-stranded DNA. In some embodiments,the circularization of the single-stranded DNA molecules is performed bytreating the single-stranded linear DNA with an RNA ligase such asCIRCLIGASE II.

In some embodiments, sensitivity of circulating DNA detection is furtherincreased by phosphorylating the circulating nucleic acids withpolynucleotide kinase (PNK) prior to the ssDNA ligation step and RCA.Upon incorporating the PNK step in the work flow, ligase-assistedwhole-genome amplification methods presented herein could detect malecirculating DNA in female whole blood when spiked at 1% levels(triplicate repeats). Template-independent intra-molecular ligationcannot be achieved unless the ssDNA template has a 5′ phosphate groupand a 3′ hydroxyl group. A variety of conditions produce 5′ hydroxyls inDNA (including DNase II enzymatic cleavage, and phosphatase activity inblood). The PNK treatment eliminates this problem and improves thediversity of rolling-circle amplified CNA library.

In some embodiments, kits for generation of a single-stranded DNA circlefrom a linear DNA are provided. In one embodiment, the kit comprises apolynucleotide kinase, a phosphate donor and a pre-adenylated ligasethat is capable of template-independent, intra-molecular ligation ofssDNA sequence, packaged together. The polynucleotide kinase may be a T4PNK. The phosphate donor may be chosen from GTP, UTP, CTP or dTTP. Inone embodiment, the kit may include a TS2126 ligase. More than 60% ofthe TS2126 ligase may be pre-adenylated. The kit may further comprisebuffers (e.g., HEPES), DNA amplification regents (e.g., DNA polymerase,primers, dNTPs) and other reagents (e.g., MnCl₂, betaine) that areemployed for the generation of single-stranded DNA circle by theprovided methods. In some embodiments, the kit may include a Phi29 DNApolymerase and random/partially constrained primers. In anotherembodiment, the kit comprises an adenylating enzyme, a phosphatase and anon-adenylated ligase packaged together. The kit may further comprise apolynucleotide kinase and/or a phosphate donor. The adenylating enzymemay be an RNA ligase I derived from Methanobacterium thermoautotropicum(Mth RNA ligase). The non-adenylated ligase may be a composition ofTS2126 ligase, wherein more than 60% of the ligase is in thenon-adenylated form. The kits may further include instruction forgeneration of single-stranded DNA circle from a linear DNA.

Practice of the invention will be still more fully understood from thefollowing examples, which are presented herein for illustration only andshould not be construed as limiting the scope of the present inventionas defined by the appended claims. Some abbreviations used in theexamples section are expanded as follows: “mg”: milligrams; “ng”:nanograms; “pg”: picograms; “fg”: femtograms; “mL”: milliliters;“mg/mL”: milligrams per milliliter; “mM”: millimolar; “mmol”:millimoles; “pM”: picomolar; “pmol”: picomoles; “μL”: microliters;“min.”: minutes and “h.”: hours.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Whole-Genome Amplification of Circulating NucleicAcid from Blood Plasma

Circulating DNA was isolated from citrate-phosphate-dextrose(CPD)—stabilized blood plasma of apparently healthy individuals usingthe Wako DNA extractor SP kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries).Approximately 1.3 ng was analyzed by electrophoresis through a 2%agarose gel using TBE buffer, stained with SYBR Gold and visualizedusing a Typhoon imager. As depicted in FIG. 2, the majority of thecirculating DNA was approximately 180 bp in length, with an additionalsmaller amount of sequences that were approximately 370 bp long, and asubstantially smaller amount of higher molecular weight sequences.

350 pg circulating DNA from plasma was heated at 95° C. to denature thetemplate. The denatured, single-stranded DNA template was then treatedwith an RNA or DNA ligase to generated single-stranded DNA circles.ATP-dependent T4 DNA ligase, cell-encoded NAD-dependent E. coli DNAligase or a thermostable RNA ligase (CIRCLIGASE II) was used for theligation reaction. 100 pg of DNA ligated single-stranded DNA circleswere then subjected to whole-genome amplification using GenomiPhi kit(GE Healthcare) employing a Phi29 DNA polymerase. The amplification wasperformed using the primer mixture+N+N(at N)(at N)(at N)*N where the“(at N)” represents a random mixture containing 2-amino dA, 2-thio-dT,normal G and normal C. Real-time amplification was performed by adding asmall amount of SYBR green I to the amplification mixture and monitoringthe fluorescence signal increase over time in a Tecan plate reader(Tecan SNiPer, Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). For comparison, anequivalent concentration of un-treated genomic DNA, untreated plasmaDNA, and a sample without DNA template (No template amplification) wereincluded.

As depicted in FIG. 3, the amplification kinetics of the untreated,fragmented plasma DNA were much lower when compared to an equivalentamount of high molecular weight genomic DNA, indicating a defect inamplification. However, when the fragmented plasma DNA was pre-treatedand converted to single-stranded DNA circles using the CIRCLIGASE II,rapid amplification kinetics were achieved (FIG. 3A). The ligases,including the ATP-dependent T4 DNA ligase (FIG. 3B) and the cell-encodedNAD-dependent E. coli DNA ligase (FIG. 3C) were also effective, but withless efficiency, in restoring amplification kinetics of the fragmentedplasma DNA. In these examples, the relative increase in amplificationkinetics indicates the effectiveness of each of the ligases in promotingthe intra-molecular ligation of the single-stranded DNA template.

Example 2: Analysis of Amplified Circulating Nucleic Acids from BloodPlasma by Ligase-Assisted Whole-Genome Amplification

The amplified DNA generated in Example 1 was further analyzed byquantitative PCR using primers targeting four different CODI'S loci(vWA, TPOX, D8S1129, and D13S317) to sample the effectiveness of theligase-assisted whole-genome amplification method for promotingsensitive and balanced DNA amplification. These DNA levels were comparedwith the values from unamplified DNA to determine the relativerepresentation levels after amplification. As illustrated in FIG. 4, inboth examples, the amplification of untreated plasma DNA led to sequencedropout or produced DNA that was highly under-represented at the testedloci. In contrast, including either CIRCLIGASE II or T4 DNA ligase inthe method prevented the sequence dropout of the four loci and producedDNA that was more similar in representation to the amplified highmolecular weight genomic DNA. In the example using CIRCLIGASE II as thesingle-stranded DNA ligase, out of 12 different CODIS loci tested byquantitative PCR (qPCR) using primers targeting 12 different CODIS loci,11 were recovered after amplification, whereas only 4 were present inthe amplified untreated plasma DNA (FIG. 5). In FIG. 5, the Ct valuesreported are an average of two replicates. PCR reactions where the Ctvalue was undetermined are marked by an “X”.

Example 3: Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Ligase-AssistedWhole-Genome Amplification

The ligase-assisted DNA amplification reaction was further optimized byoptimizing the efficiency of ligation reaction of single stranded DNAmolecule by TS2126 RNA ligase. The presence of metal ion was essentialfor the ligation reaction since eliminating manganese from the standardmanufacturer recommended buffer reduced amplification rates tobackground levels. Untreated genomic DNA and untreated plasma DNA werecompared with CIRCLIGASE II-treated plasma DNA samples using modifiedbuffer conditions (FIG. 6). All buffer conditions contained 33 mM KOAc,0.5 mM DTT, and IM betaine. Where indicated, buffers contained 33 mMTris-acetate (pH 7.5) or 33 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 8.0) and additionallycontained 2.5 mM MgCl₂ or 2.5 mM MnCl₂. Real-time amplification wasperformed by adding a small amount of SYBR green I to the amplificationmixture and monitoring fluorescence increase over time in a Tecan platereader. The amplification threshold is the time at which fluorescencerises above background levels (2000 RFU).

Comparison of amplification kinetics of ligase-assisted whole-genomeamplification reactions (100 pg samples) is depicted in FIG. 6. Bothmagnesium and manganese promoted similar effects in the presence of thestandard TRIS buffer, but it was observed that the combination ofmanganese and magnesium in the presence of HEPES buffer, pH 8.0 was mosteffective in promoting high amplification rates. HEPES buffer increasedcircularization efficiency of the plasma DNA in this reaction conditionmay be due reduced oxidation of the manganese cation in the HEPESbuffer.

Example 4: Inhibition of Amplification of High Molecular Weight GenomicDNA in Ligase-Assisted Whole-Genome Amplification

The amplification kinetics of whole-genome amplification reactions ofuntreated genomic DNA was compared with CIRCLIGASE I and CIRCLIGASEII-treated genomic DNA samples (100 pg samples). The results areillustrated in FIG. 7. As depicted in FIG. 7, CIRCLIGASE treatment ofgenomic DNA produced an inhibitory effect on the amplification rate ofhigh molecular weight genomic DNA (unlike the positive effects on plasmaDNA). The inhibition was apparent for both CIRCLIGASE I and CIRCLIGASEII.

To investigate if Phi29-based amplification was inhibited by the ligase,untreated genomic DNA was amplified in the presence of active ligase.Real-time amplification was performed by adding a small amount of SYBRgreen I to the amplification mixture and monitoring fluorescenceincrease over time in a Tecan plate reader. Amplification threshold isthe time at which fluorescence rises above background levels (2000 RFU).It was observed that the genomic DNA amplification inhibition was not aneffect of active ligase being present during the amplification.

A preference for the amplification of circulating over high molecularweight genomic DNA might be an advantage for certain applications, asgenomic DNA from blood cells often contaminates preparations ofcirculating nucleic acids, and is of less diagnostic value.

Example 5: Single-Tube Amplification of Fragmented DNA EmployingLigase-Assisted Whole-Genome Amplification—Effect of Phosphorylation ofCirculating DNA Fragments with Kinase Prior to Intra-Molecular Ligation

Phosphorylation of circulating DNA fragments with kinase allowed moresensitive detection of circulating DNA in blood plasma. A male-femaleplasma/blood mixing experiment was performed to establish that thelibrary created from the input DNA treated with kinase was morerepresentative, allowing for more sensitive detection of the DYS 14male-specific marker (FIG. 10, 3/3 replicates, whereas only 113 wasdetected if phosphorylation was not done). 100 μL of blood/plasmamixtures were prepared as follows: 100A: 100% male plasma; 5A-C: maleplasma spiked into female whole blood at 5% v/v; 1A-C: male plasmaspiked into female whole blood at 1% v/v; and OA: 100% female blood. Theplasma was separated from the blood cells by lateral flow through an MF1membrane (Whatman) followed by collection onto a cellulose pad that wasdried and stored overnight. The circulating DNA was then isolated fromthe cellulose pad by a modification of the Wako extractor SP kit (WakoPure Chemical Industries), a standard sodium iodide/detergent basedmethod. Approximately 1.8 ng of DNA was then treated with or without T4polynucleotide kinase in the presence of GTP, manganese, and betaine andthen treated with CIRCLIGASE II to circularize the single-stranded DNAfragments. DNA was then subjected to GenomiPhi whole-genomeamplification (GE Healthcare) and products were analyzed by quantitativePCR to assess the detection of two markers: Dys14, which is a multi-copygene located on the Y-chromosome and should be detectible from the malefraction only, and D16S539 which is an STR locus located on chromosome16 and should be detectible from both male and female fractions. Thereaction was performed in a single reaction vessel, without anyintermediate purification or isolation steps in the workflow. This wasachieved by performing the phosphorylation reaction at a relatively lowconcentration of GTP.

FIG. 10 illustrates that inclusion of a kinase in the reaction allowsthe circularization and amplification of DNA fragments in a pool that donot contain a 5′ phosphate, thereby creating a more representativelibrary. This would include DNA fragments containing a 5′ hydroxyl,which are specifically generated by DNase II digestion during celldeath. Using a male-female plasma/blood mixing experiment, it isdemonstrated that the library created from the input DNA treated withkinase was more representative, allowing for more sensitive detection ofthe DYS 14 male-specific marker (3/3 replicates, whereas only 113 wasdetected if phosphorylation was not done).

Example 6: Effect of Pre-Adenylation of Fragmented DNA Prior toCircularization Reaction

The efficiency of circularization of a small DNA fragment that is eitherphosphorylated or pre-adenylated in 40 minutes is assessed withdifferent amounts of CIRCLIGASE enzyme. 2.5 pmol of a 64-meroligonucleotide containing either a phosphate group or an adenylation atthe 5′ position was treated with increasing amounts of CIRCLIGASE I orCIRCLIGASE II for 40 minutes at 60° C. The percent circularization wasdetermined by scanning the intensity of the bands at the linear andcircular positions. As depicted in FIG. 12, pre-adenlyation offragmented DNA improved the ligation and amplification kinetics. In FIG.12, P-64mer represents a 5′-phosphorylated 64-nt oligonucleotide; andad-64 represents pre-adenylated 64-nt oligonucleotide. Pre-adenylatedDNA was circularized more rapidly than the standard phosphorylated DNA.Further, the ligation enzyme, which has low degree of adenylationcatalyzed the ligation of a molar excess of substrate indicating thatthe ligase has multiple opportunities to ligate the pre-adenylated DNAmolecule, which increases ligation kinetics and potentially allows forincreased circularization of more difficult templates.

Example 7: Circularization of 5′-Phosphate and 5′-Hydroxyl-ContainingOligonucleotides Using the Pre-Adenylation Workflow

Reactions containing 5 pmol of a 64-mer oligonucleotide with either aphosphate group or a hydroxyl group at the 5′ position were treated with1.25 U of T4 polynucleotide kinase at 37° C. where indicated. Followingincubation with 25 pmol Mth RNA ligase at 65° C., reactions were treatedwith 0.25 units of shrimp alkaline phosphatase. Since Mth RNA ligase isvery sensitive to ATP concentration, at standard 100 μM ATPconcentration, Mth RNA ligase almost exclusively adenylate DNA ends. Nointra-molecular ligation happens by Mth RNA ligase at this ATPconcentration. Enzymes were heat-inactivated after each incubation.Finally, reactions were treated with 50 units of CIRCLIGASE I whereindicated and incubated for 60 minutes at 60° C. The percentcircularization was determined by scanning the intensity of the bands atthe linear and circular positions (FIG. 13). P-64mer represents a5′-phosphorylated 64-nt oligonucleotide and ad-64mer represents apre-adenylated 64-nt oligonucleotide.

FIG. 11 shows a “single-tube” pre-adenylation workflow in which linearoligonucleotides containing a 5′-phosphate or a 5′-hydroxyl group areconverted to circular forms. In this «single-tube” process substratesare successively treated with polynucleotide kinase, Mth RNA ligase,shrimp alkaline phosphatase, and CIRCLIGASE I without any intermediatepurification steps.

Example 8: Kinetics of Whole-Genome Amplification of Fragmented NucleicAcid from Blood Plasma

Plasma DNA was isolated from an apparently healthy individual using theWako DNA extractor SP kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries). 1 ng ofpurified plasma DNA was heated at 95° C. to denature the template. Thedenatured, single-stranded DNA template was then treated with an RNAligase (CIRCLIGASE II, Epicenter) to generate single-stranded DNAcircles. For the ligation reaction, the plasma DNA was incubated with aligation reaction mixture (6 μL) containing 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 66 mMKOAc, 0.5 mM DTT, 1 M betaine, and 30 U CIRCLIGASE II (Epicentre) at 60°C. for 2 hours. The ligase was subsequently heat-inactivated byincubating the reaction mixture at 80° C. for 10 minutes. Thesingle-stranded DNA circles were then subjected to whole-genomeamplification using random-primed rolling circle whole genomeamplification employing a phi29 DNA polymerase. The single-stranded DNAcircles were amplified in the same reaction vessel, without interveningpurification of the DNA by adjusting the ligation reaction mixture tothe following conditions: 20 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% Tween-20, 2.5%PEG-8000, 40 μM AT random hexamer primer mixture, 20 ng/L Phi29polymerase and 50 mM HEPES (pH 8.0) to a final volume of 20 μL. Theamplification reaction mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 10 hours,followed by heat-inactivation of polymerase at 65° C. for 20 minutes.Real-time amplification was performed by adding a small amount of SYBRgreen I to the amplification mixture and monitoring the fluorescencesignal increase over time in a Tecan plate reader (Tecan SNiPer,Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). The amplification was performed using therandom primer mixture having a sequence+N+N(at N)(at N)(at N)*N (ATrandom hexamer) where the “at N” represents a random mixture containing2-amino dA, 2-thio-dT, normal G and normal C.

For comparison, an equivalent concentration of plasma DNA amplified withstandard random hexamer (NNNN*N*N) and a sample without DNA template (Notemplate control) using the same protocol as described above. Theamplification reactions performed with AT random hexamer primer mixturesurprisingly showed faster kinetics and produced a significantly higheramplified product DNA yield compared to standard random hexamer, asshown in FIG. 14. DNA yield for amplification using AT random hexamer is2.25 μg in comparison to the DNA yield of 0.84 μg using standard randomhexamer. The DNA yield is zero for “no template control” (NTC) reaction.As depicted in FIG. 14, when the plasma DNA was ligated and converted tosingle-stranded DNA circles using CIRCLIGASE II, rapid amplificationkinetics were achieved when a random primer comprising a modifiednucleotide such as AT random hexamer is used. (FIG. 3). The single-tubeligation and amplification reactions contain carryover components fromthe DNA ligation reaction including betaine, potassium acetate, andmanganese, which are typically known to have inhibitory effect onamplification. However, when the reaction was performed in presence ofAT random hexamer, which comprises modified nucleotides, this inhibitoryeffect on amplification was surprisingly minimal. The relative increasein amplification kinetics as illustrated in FIG. 14 indicates theeffectiveness of a random primer mixture comprising at least onemodified nucleotide in promoting the rolling circle amplificationreaction subsequent to the intra-molecular ligation of thesingle-stranded DNA template in the same reaction vessel without anyintervening isolation or purification steps.

Example 9: Sequence Analysis of Amplified Nucleic Acids from BloodPlasma by Ligase-Assisted Whole-Genome Amplification

The amplified DNA product generated in Example 8 was purified by ethanolprecipitation and subjected to sequencing reaction to determine thequality of the ligase-assisted whole-genome amplification method usingAT random hexamer primer. The sequencing was performed employing TonAmpliseq Comprehensive Cancer Panel single-end targeted sequencing usingthe Ion Torrent PGM with 318 chips and 200 bp read lengths. Asillustrated in FIG. 15, the amplified DNA product using the AT randomhexamers is of higher quality than the DNA amplified using standardrandom bexamers. The percentage of bases recovered for DNA amplifiedusing the AT hexamers is closer to those from bulk unamplified plasmaDNA. The coverage depth and uniformity levels of DNA amplified using theAT hexamers are closer to those from bulk unamplified plasma DNA, asshown in Table 2.

TABLE 1 Characterization of amplified DNA using AT-hexamer compared tostandard random hexamer control Read Input on Avg. Coverage CoverageQuantity target coverage standard uniformity Sample (ng) (%) depth (X)deviation (%) Unamplified 40 92.38 110.27 88.94 92.34 AT Random 1 97.42156.39 560.09 46.15 hexamer Standard 1 95.79 76.8 294.48 37.99 randomhexamer No 1 96.1 442.77 5603.4 1.66 circularization (one step reaction)

The higher overall coverage and uniformity observed throughout thetarget sequence region using the AT random hexamers also provided highercoverage depth at regions with clinically relevant single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs) as measured at known ClinVar mutation sites (FIG.16, wherein the labeling denotes average depth of coverage, lx depth,15× depth and so on). The figure shows that at all cut-off levels, theAT primers cover a greater percentage of ClinVar mutation regions thanthe random primers In contrast, in one-step reactions in which theplasma DNA is directly amplified without a circularization step, thesequence coverage was extremely poor, with variable coverage depths atthese regions and poor coverage at ClinVar mutation sites.

Example 10: Single-Tube FFPE Tissue Extraction, DNA Circularization,Repair, and Whole Genome Amplification for Targeted Re-Sequencing

Deparaffinization of FFPE tissue slides was performed by incubating theFFPE tissue slides in an oven at 65° C. for an hour. The deparaffinizedslides were washed twice using HISTOCHOICE Clean Agent (AMRESCO, cat #H103) for 5 minutes. The slides were washed successively with 100%ethanol (twice, 5 minutes each time), 75% ethanol (once, 5 minutes) and50% ethanol (once, 5 minutes). The slides were then rinsed withnuclease-free water and air-dried. The antigens were retrieved from theslides using Citrate-TRIS antigen retrieval (AR) buffers. The Citrate-AR(pH 6.0) and TRIS-AR buffer (pH 8.5) were pre-warmed at 70° C. for 20minutes. The slides were placed in a jar containing pre-warmedCitrate-AR and the jar was placed in a pressure cooker at 110° C. for 4minutes followed by 75° C. for 20 minutes. The sides were thentransferred to pre-warmed TRIS-AR buffer and kept for 20 minutes. Thejar was cooled at room temperature for 10 minutes and the slides werewashed briefly with water and then air dried. The FFTE tissue was thendigested using proteinase K. For digestion, 0.6 μL of 2 mg/mL proteinaseK digest solution was used for 1 mm² areas of tissue (e.g., for a 4 mm×6mm tissue section, about 15 μL of proteinase K digest solution wasused). The proteinase K digest solution was prepared by mixing L of 20mg/mL proteinase (Invitrogen # AM2548) with 5 μL of tissue digestionbuffer (30 mM HEPES (pH 8.0), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% SOS and 0.01% Tween-20).First, 0.5 μL of the proteinase K digest solution was added to the slideto wet the tissue. Using an ethanol wiped razor blade; the tissue wasscraped and transferred to 0.2 mL tube. The rest of the 2 mg/mLProteinase K digest solution was then added to the tube and wasincubated at 50° C. for 2 hours or more until the slurry turned clear.The slurry was cooled to room temperature and 2 μL of crude extractionwas kept aside for DNA concentration measurement (QUANT-IT DNA AssayKit, high sensitivity (Invitrogen # Q-33120))

To inactivate the digestion mixture, 5 μL of crude extracted (containing40 ng of DNA) is treated with a proteinase K inhibitor (0.6 μL of 5 mMProteinase K inhibitor (EMD Millipore #539470), 3.3 μL 9.1%alpha-cyclodextrin, (Sigma # C4680)). The sample is then processed in 3different combinations.

REV 10 protocol—To the extract was added 1.1 μL of 5 M betaine, 1.1 μLof 10× Circularization buffer (350 mM HEPES (pH 8.0), 25 mMMnCl_(2, 660) mM KOAc, 5 mM DTT, and 0.03% Tween-20) and up to 10.56 μLof nuclease-free water (Total volume of 11 μL). The mixture wasincubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Subsequently the reactionmixture was heated to about 95° C. for 3 minutes followed by snapcooling on ice. To this was added 0.44 μL of CIRCLIGASE II (Epicentre #CL9025K) to a final reaction volume of 11 μL. The reaction mixture wasincubated in thermocyler at 60° C. for 8 hours followed by at 80° C. for10 minutes to inactivate enzyme.

REV11 protocol—To the extract was added the repair reaction componentsby adding 1.1 μL of 10× Repair buffer (0.03% Tween-20, 100 mMMgCl_(2, 6) mM DTT), 0.77 μL repair/damage elimination mix (0.6 μL UDG(5 U/μL), 0.3 μL Fpg (8 U/μL), 0.15 μL Endo IV (10 U/μL) (New EnglandBiolabs)) and nuclease-free water to have a final volume of 11 μL. Thereaction mixture was incubated in thermocycler at 37° C. for 30 minutesfollowed by 85° C. for 15 minutes to inactivate enzymes. To this wasadded 1.5 μL of 5 M betaine, 1.5 μL of 10× Circularization buffer (350mM HEPES (pH 8.0), 25 mM MnCl₂, 660 mM KOAc, 5 mM DTT, and 0.03%Tween-20) and nuclease-free water (Total volume of 14.4 μL). Thereaction mixture was heated to about 95° C. for 3 minutes followed bysnap cooling on ice. To this was added 0.6 μL of CIRCLIGASE II(Epicentre # CL9025K) to a final reaction volume of 15 μL. The reactionmixture was incubated in heat block at 60° C. for 8 hours followed by at80° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate enzyme.

REV 12 protocol—To be extract was added 1.1 μL of 5 M betaine, 1.1 μL of10× Circularization buffer (350 mM HEPES (pH 8.0), 25 mM MnCl₂, 660 mMKOAc, 5 mM DTT, and 0.03% Tween-20) and nuclease-free water (Totalvolume of 10.56 μL). The mixture was incubated at room temperature for10 minutes. Subsequently the reaction mixture was heated to about 95° C.for 3 minutes followed by snap cooling on ice. To this was added 0.44 μLof CIRCLIGASE II (Epicentre # CL9025K) to a final reaction volume of 11μL. The reaction mixture was incubated in thermocyler at 60° C. for 8hours followed by at 80° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate enzyme. Theentire circularization mix (11 μL) was used for the repair/damageelimination reaction by adding 1.5 μL of 10× Repair buffer (0.03%Tween-20, 100 mM MgCl₂, 6 mM DTT), 1.05 μL repair mix (0.6 μL UDG (5U/μL), 0.3 μL Fpg (8 U/μL), 0.15 μL Endo IV (10 U/μL) (New EnglandBiolabs)) and 1.45 μL of nuclease-free water to have a final volume of15 μL. The reaction mixture was incubated in thermocycler at 37° C. for30 minutes followed by at 85° C. for 15 minutes to inactivate enzymes.

For DNA amplification, a cleaning reaction master mix was assembled mymixing 20 μL of 3×Pbi29 buffer (114 mM HEPES (pH 8.0), 120 μM AT primermixture 0.021% Tween-20, 54.6 mM MgCl₂, 3 mM TCEP, 7.5 mM KOAc and 7.5%PEG-8000), 0.3 μL of 1:100 SYBR Green I*(Life Tech S-7563), 1.2 μL ofPhi29 polymerase (1 mg/mL, GE Healthcare), 21.1 μL of nuclease-freewater to a final volume of 42.6 μL. The cleaning reaction master mix wasincubated at 30° C. for 1 hour and was held at 4° C. until ready foruse. The amplification reaction was initiated by adding 2.4 μL of 10 mMdNTPs solution to the cleaning reaction. Immediately the entire cleanedreaction mix was added to the 15 μL repaired mix for a final reactionvolume of 60 μL. This was incubated at 30° C. for 8-16 hours followed byheat-inactivation of the polymerase at 65° C. for 15 minutes. In a realtime setup the data was collected every 10 minutes.

The whole genome amplification products were purified by manufacturer'sinstruction for purification (SURECLEAN PLUS, Bioline). Briefly, 60 μLof SURECLEAN PLUS was added to 60 μL of WGA product and mix thoroughly.This was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged atmaximum speed in a bench-top centrifuge for 30 minutes. The supernatantwas removed by aspiration. 120 μL freshly made 70% ethanol was added andvortexed for 10 seconds and centrifuged at maximum speed for 15 minutes.The supernatant was removed carefully. The washing steps were repeatedonce, then air dried to ensure complete removal of ethanol. The driedpellets were re-suspended in 30 μL of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8). 2 L ofpurified WGA products was used for DNA concentration measurement(QUANT-IT dsDNA Broad-Range Assay Kit, Invitrogen # Q-33130). Theexpected yield was about 3 μg.

DNA samples were analyzed using next generation sequencing on the MiSeqplatform (Illumina). The TruSeq Amplicon-Cancer Panel (TSACP)(Illumina), which is a highly multiplexed targeted re-sequencing assayfor detecting somatic mutations, was used according to the manufacturersrecommendations. 250 ng of DNA from freshly frozen tissue was used as apositive control, and 1,000 ng of rolling circle amplified whole genomeDNA from 40 ng of FFPE DNA resulting from the REV10, REV11, and REV12protocol, all in duplicate, were used in the sequencing workflow. Fromthese sequencing reactions, depth of coverage, sequence targetuniformity, and mutation statistics were determined. As illustrated inFIG. 17, FIG. 18, and FIG. 19, the REV10, 11, and 12 protocols provideexcellent depth of coverage and uniformity of coverage. However, theREV12 protocol in which the DNA repair/DNA damage removal step wasperformed after the long DNA circularization step had an improvedpositive predictive value and increased sensitivity compared to theREV10 and REV11 protocols (FIG. 19).

The claimed invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Theforegoing embodiments are selected embodiments or examples from amanifold of all possible embodiments or examples. The foregoingembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects asillustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein.While only certain features of the claimed invention have beenillustrated and described herein, it is to be understood that oneskilled in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be ableto identify, select, optimize or modify suitable conditions/parametersfor using the methods in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention, suitable for these and other types of applications. Theprecise use, choice of reagents, choice of variables such asconcentration, volume, incubation time, incubation temperature, and thelike may depend in large part on the particular application for which itis intended. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claimsare intended to cover all modifications and changes that fall within thetrue spirit of the invention. Further, all changes that come within themeaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to beembraced therein.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for nucleic acid amplification,the method comprising: (a) ligating a linear chromosomal DNA to generatea single-stranded DNA circle; and (b) amplifying the single-stranded DNAcircle via rolling circle amplification using a random primer mixture toform an amplified DNA product, wherein the random primer mixturecomprises 2-amino-deoxyadenosine and 2-thio-deoxythymidine nucleotideanalogs, and wherein all the steps of the method are performed in asingle reaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purificationsteps.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the random primer mixturecomprises selective binding complementary oligonucleotides.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the random primer mixture further comprises aphosphorothioate modified nucleotide, a LNA nucleotide, or combinationsthereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the linear chromosomal DNA isselected from the group consisting of a cell-free circulating DNA, a DNAisolated from a formalin fixed paraffin-embedded sample, a forensic DNAsample that has been exposed to environmental conditions, an ancient DNAsample, and combinations thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thelinear chromosomal DNA is a fragmented DNA.
 6. The method of claim 1,further comprising denaturing the linear chromosomal DNA to asingle-stranded DNA prior to step (a), if the linear chromosomal DNA isin double-stranded form.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ligase isselected from the group consisting of a TS2126 RNA ligase, a T4 RNAligase, a T4 DNA ligase, a T3 DNA ligase, an E. coli DNA ligase, andcombinations thereof.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the ligase is apre-adenylated ligase.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thepre-adenylated ligase is a pre-adenylated TS2 126 RNA ligase.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the generation of the single-stranded DNAcircle is performed in the absence of adenosine triphosphate ordeoxyadenosine triphosphate.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein steps(a) to (b) are performed in a sequential manner in the single reactionvessel.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising treating thelinear chromosomal DNA with a polynucleotide kinase in the presence of aphosphate donor to generate a ligatable DNA sequence having a phosphategroup at a 5′ terminal end and a hydroxyl group at a 3′ terminal endprior to incubating the linear chromosomal DNA with the ligase.
 13. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the linear chromosomal DNA is treated withthe polynucleotide kinase in the presence of a phosphate donor otherthan adenosine triphosphate or deoxyadenosine triphosphate.
 14. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising sequencing the amplified DNAproduct.
 15. The method of claim 6, further comprising treating thesingle stranded DNA circles prior to step (b) to modify any damagednucleobases.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the amplification is awhole genome amplification.